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	<title>Cultural Observations Archives - Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</title>
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	<description>A digital archive of treaties, documents, artwork, and 360° trail panoramas from the Corps of Discovery</description>
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		<title>How the Americans Lived (Maniere de vivre des Americains)</title>
		<link>https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/translations/how-the-americans-lived-maniere-de-vivre-des-americains/</link>
		
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		<pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 2026 13:47:48 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>&#34;The behavior of the Americans in society, and their way of life, have so little connection to ours, that in searching to gather all the differences relative to this country here [France], I must not neglect to speak of them. He [the American] stays honest every time we meet, and reaches out...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/translations/how-the-americans-lived-maniere-de-vivre-des-americains/">How the Americans Lived (Maniere de vivre des Americains)</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="translation-document">
<h2>English Translation</h2>
<p>&quot;The behavior of the Americans in society, and their way of life, have so little connection to ours, that in searching to gather all the differences relative to this country here [France], I must not neglect to speak of them. He [the American] stays honest every time we meet, and reaches out willingly to shake hands. The compliments given during this demonstration of friendship are &#8216;hello, Sir, how are you doing today? I hope that you are well; I am fortunate to see you.&#8217; Someone who arrives to greet everyone this way then does a tour of the group. The most distinguished of them, however, arrive without spectacle; an officer never takes the hand of his general first, it must be the latter who offers. Anyway, the manners are absolutely lax: one leans on their neighbor without thinking, puts his elbows on the table at dinner. That which is often in France a proof of bad education or too much freedom is here the result of a natural education. The Americans pass most of their lives at the table. Their exterior announces nonchalance and modesty, and one is surprised to see that despite their apparent dullness, these people fight as they do and support a war having formed and even disciplined troops like they have. Who would believe that an American, who doesn&#8217;t dare to leave his home during a rainy day, the moment he has a musket on his shoulder faces all the toughest dangers and turns? That there is not a man in American that by 30 years old has not used a gun? But returning to their way of life: there is every day a lunch including tea with milk, coffee, butter on toasted bread (that they call toast), and several light slices of ham, beef, or even salted fish. The lunch takes paces at a soldier&#8217;s house, and they drink until dinnertime. The first service for that meal is made of a large quantity of beef and almost all roasts and vegetables come with butter. The second service is pastries. There are cakes and puddings of different types. The dessert isn&#8217;t just cheese and fruits. We drink wine from Noadère from the start of dinner. The other drinks are beer and cider, served in silver or ceramic vases. He who is thirsty drinks once, then passes it to his neighbor. It would be a great dishonor in France to serve one&#8217;s own glass as such, but in America a man would come across as uncivil if he refused to drink after someone offered; moreover, the frequent cheers that one makes at the table force everyone to restart this ceremony. There is no meal that fails to discuss General Washington, the United States, the happy alliance between France and America, the company itself, and finally their particular accomplishments. A man who forms a friendship with you attacks you from one side of the table and helps you from the other, saying &#8216;sir would you like to drink a glass of wine with me?&#8217; And it must happen as such; all this makes the meals very long. At any effort to remove the tablecloth or put away a few bottles, that is when the big decisions are struck. A place setting in America would appear extraordinary in France. The table is covered by a tablecloth that serves as napkins at the same time. It is normally big enough to go over the edges all around, and everyone wipes their hands right in front of himself (unfortunately it doesn&#8217;t get changed very often). Instead of spoons and forks, everyone is given a small iron or steel fork with two tines on a wood handle and a large knife round on the end, which is used to pick up what is on the plate, and everyone eats with the same knife. When one has eaten enough, they cross the two utensils on their plate and that&#8217;s a sign they&#8217;re looking to be excused. It is roughly the same for the coffee and tea: when one doesn&#8217;t want any more, they turn over the spoon on the cup. One is surprised when leaving the table and passing through a room to find that wine from Madeira, which is drunk right up until teatime, which is usually between six and seven hours. This lasts until the moment where everyone goes back to the table for soup, which is served in the same small room as dinner and takes you until it is time to go to bed and start it all again fresh the next day. Such is the life that an unfortunate soul, led by coincidence or curiosity, finds in a town in America. The more one is commended, the better he is treated. In the army, since it is never possible to have any lemon, they substitute it with a mix of rum and water, which is called &quot;Grog;&quot; or rum, water, and sugar, which is called &quot;Taudy.&quot; If one leaves the house to visit anyone, they will find something to drink everywhere, and they are obligated to accept it under any circumstances. This way of living exists not only among the well-off, but also among the peasants. There is not a soldier or even a negro in America who doesn&#8217;t have tea two times a day or who doesn&#8217;t have Grog at lunch. A large portion of the women smoke like the men; however, I have not seen anyone with a pipe at their mouth who was not 30 or 35 years old. An American, after drinking, while on his way somewhere, never comes across a house or a stream without stopping. The women don&#8217;t appear in the morning, and we never see them getting ready for the day. They arrive at dinnertime where they are hosting. At dessert, they leave the table only to return when it&#8217;s time for the tea that they made themselves, and they serve it to everyone because apparently there is no gallantry among the men. The women have a very proper demeanor, albeit with an attitude of familiarity. The young women are extended the greatest liberties; they choose they husband, with whom they live with enough to get to know them well enough to marry. Also, all the marriages are happy. There is no example in America, or at least very few, that a woman strays from her duties. If an unmarried woman faces trouble, often she is given excessive help, but in general they are perfectly wise, and aside from a few who lose themselves, we can use them as models and truthfully say that vice has not reached here.&quot;</p>
<h2>Original French Text</h2>
<p>&quot;Les usages des Américains en société, et leur manière de vivre, ont si peu de rapport avec les nôtres, que cherchant à rassembler les différentes choses relatives à ce pays ici, je ne dois point obmettre [sic.] d&#8217;en parler. Il tient à l&#8217;honneteté toute[s] les fois qu&#8217;on se rencontre, de s&#8217;aborder en se donnant et en se secouant mutuellement les mains. Le compliment joint à cette démonstration d&#8217;amitié est bonjour, Monsieur, comment vous portez vous aujourd&#8217;hui ? Je dédire que vous vous portiez bien ; je suis fortaise_ de vous voir. Quelqu&#8217;un qui arrive dans un cercle fait ainsi la ronde. Les gens plus distingués cependant préviennent ordinairement ; un Officier particulier ne prend point le premier la main de son Général, mais celui-ci la lui offre. D&#8217;ailleurs les manières sont absolument aidées : on s&#8217;appuye [sic] sur son voisin sans cérémonie : on met les coûdes [sic] sur la table à diner ; et cequi [sic] souvent en france c&#8217;est une preuve de mauvaise éducation, où de trop de liberté, est ici la suite de l&#8217;éducation naturelle. Les Américains passent la plus grande partie de leur vie à table. Leur extérieur annonce la nonchalance et la modeste, et on est étonné de voir avec cette insipidité apparente, ces [???] gens se battre comme els font, soutenir une guerre, avoir formé et même discipliné des troupes comme le sont les leurs qui croirait qu&#8217;un Américain qui n&#8217;ose pas sortir de chez lui un jour de pluye [sic], du moment qu&#8217;il a le mousquet sur l&#8217;épaule, affronte les dangers et les tours_ les plus durs ? Qu&#8217;il n&#8217;y a pas en Amérique un homme de 30 ans qui n&#8217;aye [sic] porté les armes ? Mais revenant à leur manière de vivre. Il y a tous les jours un déjeuner composé de thé au lait, de caffé [sic], de beurre sur du pain grillé, qu&#8217;on appelle des tostes [sic], et quelques tranches légères de jambon, de bœuf, ou même de poisson salé. À ce déjeuner succède chez un homme aidé [???], qu&#8217;on bois jusqu&#8217;à l&#8217;heure du dîner. Le premier service de ce repas est composé d&#8217;une grande quantité de viande et presque toutes rôties et de légumes accommodés au beurre. Le second est en pâtisseries. Ce sont des tourtes et des poudings de différentes espèces. Le dessert n&#8217;est ordinairement que de fromages et de fruits. On boit du vin de Noadère_ dès le commencement du diner. Les autres boissons sont de la Bière et du Cidre, servies dans des vases d&#8217;argent ou de fayance [sic]. Celui qui a soif bois à même et passe à son voisin. Ce serais une grande malhonneteté en france de prêter ainsi son verre, et en amérique ou passerais pour l&#8217;homme le plus incivil, si on refusait de boire après celui qui vous en a offert ; et les santés fréquentes qu&#8217;on vous adresse à table, vous obligent de recommencer souvent cette cérémonie. Il n&#8217;y a pas de repas où on [???] porte celle du G.al Washington, des États unis, de l&#8217;heureuse alliance de la france et de l&#8217;amérique, celles de toute la Compagnie, et ensuite les sautés particuliers. Un homme qui vous a pris en amitié vous attaque du bout de la table à l&#8217;autre en vous aidant, Monsieur, voulez vous boire un verre de vin avec moi ? Et il faut en passer par là ; cequi [sic] fait que les repas sont extrêmement longs. Au d&#8217;effort ou ôte la nape [sic], ou reste avec plusieurs bouteilles, et c&#8217;est l&#8217;instant où se portent les grands coups. Un couvert mis à l&#8217;américaine vous paraîtrais aussi fort extraordinaire en france. La table est couverte d&#8217;une nape [sic], qui sert en même temps de serviettes. Elle est ordinairement assez grande pour déborder tout autour, et chacun s&#8217;essuye devant lui (malheureusement on n&#8217;en change pas souvent.) au lieu de cuillières et de fourchettes, on vous donne une petite fourchette de fer où [sic] d&#8217;acier à deux branches montée sur un manche de bois où [sic] de corne, et un grand couteau rond par le bout, qui sert à ramasser ce qu&#8217;on a sur son assiete [sic] et on le mange avec ce même coûteau. Quand on a assez mangé, on établit ces deux instruments en croix sur son assiete [sic], et c&#8217;est un signe que l&#8217;on demande grace. Il en est de même pour ( ?) le caffé et le thé, quand on n&#8217;en veut plus, ou renverse sa cuillère sur sa tasse vous êtes étonné en sortant de table et répassant dans un sallon [sic] d&#8217;y retrouver de vin de Madère et du Lunch/Punch ( ?) dont on boit jusqu&#8217;à l&#8217;heure du thé et du caffé, qui est ordinairement entre six et sept heures, et dure jusqu&#8217;à l&#8217;instant où on se remet à table pour souper, ce qui est posées ( ???) la petite pièce du dîner, qui cependant vous conduit jusqu&#8217;au moment de se mettre au lis, pour recommencer le lendemain ( ???) de nouveaux fraïs. Telle est la vie à laquelle se trouve obligé un malheureux que le hasard où [sic] la curiosité mène dans une ville d&#8217;Amérique, et mieux on est recommandé, mieux on est traité. à l&#8217;armée comme on n&#8217;est point à portée d&#8217;avoir de citron, on supplée ( ?) au lunch/Punch pour du rum mêlé avec de l&#8217;eau, qu&#8217;on appelle du Grog ; du rum, de l&#8217;eau et du sucre. qu&#8217;on appelle Taudy. Si vous sortez d&#8217;une maison pour aller faire qulques visites, vous trouvez à boire partout, et êtes obligé de vous prêter à la circonstance. Cette manière de vivre existe non seulement chez les gens aisés mais même chez les paysans, il n&#8217;y a pas un soldat pas même un Negre en Amérique, qui ne prenne du thé deux fois pas jour, et auquel le Grog sert de Punch/Lunch. Une grande partie des femmes fûme tout comme les hommes ; cependant je n&#8217;en ai pas vu la pipe à la bouche qui n&#8217;eûssent 30 où [sic] 35 ans. Jamais un Américain aussi d&#8217;après cette habitude de boire, lorsqu&#8217;il est en route, ne rencontre une maison, ni un ruisseau, sans s&#8217;y arrêter. Les femmes ne paraissent point le matin, et on ne les voit jamais à leur toilette. Elles arrivent à l&#8217;heure du diner dont elles font les honneurs. Au dessert elles sortent de table pour revenir à l&#8217;instant où on prend le thé qu&#8217;elles font elles mêmes, et servent pour ainsi dire à tout le monde. Car la galanterie n&#8217;est point établie parmi les hommes. Elles ont un maintien très décent, quoiqu&#8217;avec l&#8217;air de la familiarité. Les jeunes personnes joüissent de la plus grande liberté ; elles choisissent en quelque façon leur maris, avec lesquels elles vivent assez pour les connaître au moment de contracter ; aussi tous les mariages sont ils heureux. Il n&#8217;y a point d&#8217;exemple où [sic] au moins fort peu en Amérique, qu&#8217;une femme se soit écarté de ses devoirs. Si une femme qui n&#8217;est pas mariée tourne mal, il lui arrive souvent de donner ( ???) de grands ( ???), mais en général elles sont parfaitement sages, et à l&#8217;exception de quelques unes qui s&#8217;égarent, on peut les donner toutes pour modèles, et dire avec vérité que le vie [sic] n&#8217;est pas parvenu jusqu&#8217;ici.</p>
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<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/translations/how-the-americans-lived-maniere-de-vivre-des-americains/">How the Americans Lived (Maniere de vivre des Americains)</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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		<title>Mike Ayel on Cowlitz History and Lewis &#038; Clark</title>
		<link>https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-11280502tmb/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:36:09 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>A recording from the Tent of Many Voices collection.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-11280502tmb/">Mike Ayel on Cowlitz History and Lewis &#038; Clark</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>oh you&#8217;re so quiet and timid we got to get you together get you focused we&#8217;re going to have a speaker so we I get ready so everybody hands on your knees eyes forward 1 2 3 good morning boys and girls good morning all right good morning good to see you glad you can be here you are now the tense of many voices and this is called core Discovery 2 and we are traveling National mobile exhibit we&#8217;ve been traveling all over the country we&#8217;ve seen so many places since we started out we started out in the year 2003 in the home of Thomas Jefferson in monachello in Virginia and we&#8217;ve been traveling all the way across the country and we finally reached the ocean and next year we&#8217;ll be coming all the way back and we&#8217;ll end up in St Louis that&#8217;s where Louis and Clark were 200 years ago and we&#8217;ll finish up there in September 23 2006 now here in this Mobile T what we do is we have a lot of presenters and speakers they come from all over the country to tell their story and interpretation of lwis and Clark we have native presenters such as singers and dancers and Poets we have Scholars people that have studied lisis and Clark they take the old um journals and they research them every day and they look at them so we have a lot of different people that come to this tent and tell the story of Louis and Clark so here today we have a special presenter we have Mike iel he&#8217;s a director of Natural Resources Council for the CIS tribe he&#8217;s also the vice chair of the tribal council so let&#8217;s give a nice warm welcome put your hands together for Mike AEL good morning good morning uh going to tell you some things you probably know and some stuff you don&#8217;t know uh first start out by welcoming you to ket&#8217;s Country um some of you may not be aware but before after it was CET country you are in Prince rubberland you didn&#8217;t know that one yeah Prince rubberland you&#8217;re part of Great Britain right here you&#8217;re in you&#8217;re you&#8217;re English now and then later on this would become part of Oregon over there except this was part of Oregon too and later on after that it would become Washington territory a part of Nebraska so in just a few moments we&#8217;ve gone from England to Oregon to Nebraska we&#8217;re back to Washington he didn&#8217;t even feel like you moved so anyway I&#8217;ll start out with a little bit of History uh in 1827 Governor Simpson said skena track runs from off the pet sound and Strikes the Colombia near point bellw skena was the college Chief and skena was the high chief cic were a little unusual in that we had 20,000 people many different villages with one Chief one high chief and that was skena he was my great great grandfather uh later on Governor Stevens would call skena track the C Trail and so you&#8217;re at the southern end of this the cets trail we were Traders we we like to trade uh our money in a long time ago was a special little shell called the dent talum and that little shell was also called hiqua and that was our money and it was exchanged in in what they called a fathom which was like 3 ft long and a fathom of the large shells was worth a huge amount of money and we know that that those little shells had great value because in South Dakota which is over over here right in here clear over there they had our dentum shells and we know that because the spiral flute D taum shell comes from only one place in the world and it&#8217;s right up the map right here on the Northern point of Vancouver Island and the queen Charlottes it&#8217;s the only place in the world that little shell comes from and I&#8217;ve talked to people from uh Connecticut that tell me that they have Den talum shells there as well so Vancouver was a trading post hundreds if not thousands of years before Lewis and Clark got here when Lewis and Clark came here they said said that this was a Marketplace equal to any in the world they saw people with sailor suits rifles pistols metal pots all things that they&#8217; got from Europeans when Lewis and Clark came down the river and one of the big things that I have to laugh at my ancestors is we didn&#8217;t pick up on the significance of a boat loaded tour us coming down the river we&#8217;d seen people come up the river but we never realized anything important would be from somebody coming down the river so when you look at the map you see that me they came from here we&#8217;d seen people come from the ocean but we didn&#8217;t realize that they came from the other ocean too and that&#8217;s something that we didn&#8217;t realize so we&#8217;ll move on uh we traded and we traded from Canada down to California and in to the mountains of Idaho that&#8217;s how far we traveled uh I know that leis and Clark never met my ancestors because skena and all his sons were were large tall men for the time they were all over 6 foot tall Captain Clark was a very tall man he was 6ot and he would have noticed if there were tall indans there so I know that he didn&#8217;t meet them because our uh tribal history said that skena was away in business in in Canada when Louis and Clark came through so we know that that that those people didn&#8217;t meet with them so now I need to to talk about what did we eat well we ate salmon we had deer elk wapo Camas and berries and we would the fish came to us it was pretty neat setup really we grew the the the cus and the wapo and uh we would go to the mountains and pick the berries our tribe had a a special arrangement with the akamas we would trade salmon on the cetz river for berries on Mount Adams which today it seems kind of funny but at the time salmon were almost as common of sand on the beach and we could get berries for those salmon so uh and we had berries and we were able to preserve our food something that Louis and Clark couldn&#8217;t do you guys know that uh were Louis and Clark really hungry when they got hairs anybody know that yeah they were starving all the time they got here because they didn&#8217;t have the ability to preserve their food we preserved our food and we were able to do it better than than they would and uh as a result when they come into our villages we were able to serve them meals and we gave them berries we gave them berries in November and December like right now we were able to go and pull them out of the cupboard and there was some nice fresh you know berries that we could serve up for our guests so that was that was how we what we ate and that was how we preserved our food we had large houses some of the houses were huge they&#8217;re like modern apartment houses the uh large bigger uh plank houses were 200 ft long that&#8217;s almost as big as a football field and inside those houses there&#8217;d be partitions to where there would be each family would live inside the house just like an apartment house today and some of those houses were called plank houses and some were called long houses it just depended on where you lived but they were made out of boards and they were easily bigger than this tent and uh they were warm and comfortable houses so I already posed a question did we meet with Lewis and Clark and the answer is Maybe uh Lewis and Clark called us scutes which when you say callets and scutes uh it could well be uh because it&#8217;s really important to know that that the way we set our words the pronunciation of of Indian words was impossible for the Europeans and the Europeans their words were impossible for us to say so we had this case to where we couldn&#8217;t communicate so we had to guess and Lois and Clark called us scutes they called us huel and ketc now ketc means place of the cets and place of the cets is right here on the CET River and the Lewis River and along the Columbia River now for a very very long time I had read and I&#8217;d studied and i&#8217; i&#8217; even seen that one of the the great historians had misunderstood kitc he thought it meant River of the Kitz but once you understand that kitc means a place of the CET then it can be applied to more than one River and uh Lewis and Clark said of us we hear they are numerous they said that a couple different times and how numerous were we we were one of the biggest tribes in the Northwest we were 20,000 and uh we look right here see off the Puget Sound is Olympia and down here to point bellw is the Confluence of the wamit in the Columbia so we lived between Olympia and Portland and out to the West we lived out to Modern Raymond down through the wipa hills to the Columbia and then back up the the Columbia River to the Wind River and up the Cascades up to mount reineer and then over to Olympia it was a huge area we were a very large tribe and we had a huge amount of area so that&#8217;s that&#8217;s who we were that&#8217;s where we lived after Lewis and Clark the fur Traders came and our his our history said that our chief went to Fort George and Fort George is down right here by the mouth of the Columbia we call it asoria today and our chief went to the to the fur Traders and said I don&#8217;t like traveling this far can you move your your Trading Post closer to home and the Trading Post closer to home is here so the reason that Vancouver is here is because our chief went to Fort George and asked the fur traders to relocate closer to home and that closer to home became Vancouver so that&#8217;s that&#8217;s our connection with this area and after the fur Traders came then the settlers moved in and there were Indian Wars and during the Indian Wars our people joined the army my name my first name is Francis and I was I took me a long time to get used to that name and then I found out that that my first name is really someone else&#8217;s last name because my great-grandfather served with a lieutenant Francis in the Indian Wars and that name came into the family and he named his son my grandfather and then my father had the name and now me so I my first name is actually somebody else&#8217;s last name after the Indian Wars we we resisted signing a treaty after we had fought the wars the settler or the the United States wanted us to go live on the reservation and turn in our guns and go live with the people that we just defeated we didn&#8217;t think that&#8217;d be a good idea so we told them no and then at a later date we decided we&#8217;re going to have to to struggle for a recognition and prove who we are and we had a chief his name was atan stockham and he was appointed Chief by Lieutenant ulyses Grant and just right over here is Grant house and uh ulyses Grant made Antoine stockham the chief of the colge and atan started the the fight for recognition and 150 years later we finished that fight for recognition and we we were granted status that&#8217;s special to us it&#8217;s called acknowledged it means we knew you were here but now we understand that you really are the cat&#8217;s people and that was our history up to now so what do we do today well I&#8217;m director of Natural Resources Department today I have two dams in Rel lensing one on the callets one on the Lewis we&#8217;re working on salmon tracking on the toodle River and uh I&#8217;ve got biologists working for me that are checking gear for chronic wasting disease we&#8217;re checking Goose populations for their health we&#8217;re working to uh restore salmon passages to different areas and uh we&#8217;re working to protect cultural resources right here this bridge that&#8217;s if you could look out and see it just right you&#8217;d see there&#8217;s a bridge across the Columbia River that&#8217;s going to be replaced and when that&#8217;s replaced it&#8217;s going to disrupt a whole bunch of of uh surface and under that surface because people lived here for maybe 10,000 years there will be the the graves of of people so that&#8217;s things that we do so if anyone has any questions I&#8217;d be happy to answer it if you have a question what I do is I come to you after you raise your hand and then you ask the question and everyone can hear it so go ahead raise your hand if you have a question for Mike clat of people were did did they who was their last Chief or who was the courage I don&#8217;t know the name of the last chief of the classup but I can tell you that uh the classup people came up here and traded and if you this is an assignment for the teachers now you read the Molton Lois and Clark Journal set in book six and book seven and in book Seven it explains the role of the classup and the scutes and I&#8217;ll use the more modern map though the clups live down here the clups were intermediaries between the people on the the Upper Valley and the Lower Valley and so when Lewis and Clark said the Chinooks have been at war with the scales and the scal the Chinooks are not allowed above the war kayaks the clups were free to come up here the shinook weren&#8217;t the clups came up traded took the goods back down to the shinuk and the shinuk would give them goods and the clups would take them back and so that&#8217;s the role of the clups any other questions more questions okay let&#8217;s go back here what is your question are science are scientists still working on the project to find um where Lu and Clark are or where they also went are scientists still working on the project to find where L and Clark um also went uh I think we know where they went but I uh I know that uh one of the people in the Park Service Doug Wilson is out at Fort classup today and they&#8217;re working to find out all of the information they can at the the site of the fort classic to find out how long they were there and and what they ate while they were there and other things like that any more questions we got one back here all right good have you been able to preserve your native language and do you personally speak anything other than English uh I don&#8217;t speak anything other than English um I was probably the worst student on the planet so I always tell people English is my only foreign language but uh not me but other people in our tribe are preserving our Salish language the Kat had two languages the Salish we shared with the shahis the two languages are almost identical and the sahaptin we shared with the yakas in fact all of the yakam or the sahaptin speakers when they came here they were called click itats and click attat is really means sahap speaker we have a question over here I will come over here to you and you can tell your question how do you know that they used it all the stuff that you have here how do they know that they use what all the stuff that&#8217;s here all the Stu it&#8217;s here you mean like here on the table out there you mean like uh salmon and and Cedar that type of thing I I can tell you that Lois and Clark took really good notes and when you read those journals uh teachers it&#8217;s book six and book seven and then maybe one of the neatest one is the one that nobody knows about and that&#8217;s the White House journals does any of the teachers know about the White House journals raise your hand okay Joseph White House was a private with Lewis and Clark and Joseph sometimes he had Duty and he was gathering firewood and peeling potatoes and doing Army things but other days Joseph had some free time and when Joseph wrote Joseph was one of the only Journal keeper to write active entries so Joseph&#8217;s entries were written as they occurred everybody else wrote their entries they took notes and then they recreated them years later so sometimes on the days Joseph was free he gives us the best picture of everything and that&#8217;s book 11 and for you guys to study the journals the easiest and best way is to pick the date so like we would just say November 28th 1805 and go back and look and find out what happened any other questions question over let&#8217;s go it over here did any of the uh Eastern Oregon Indian tribes like the ellos and the caus did they were they involved in any of the trading down here oh absolutely uh the word Shoni in jargon means person from the interior so we know that people from Idaho came here we know that uh people from California came here and traded and we know that the uh well at least I&#8217;ve been studying it I believe there&#8217;s a people called wakan Nish Waki and I believe wanas SE and those are people called nutkin from the northern tip of Vancouver Island and those people were here all right we have uh time for maybe one more question let&#8217;s go over here how do you how do you know uh where Lis and Clark is bed how do you know where Lu and Clark are buried well um I think it&#8217;s written in in a history book uh Lewis is buried and I don&#8217;t know where somewhere down South Tennessee Tennessee yeah just Trail they see and then Clark lived a long happy life and died a very old man so they and and he he he wrote down a lot of stories and I think he I don&#8217;t know where he&#8217;s buried but St Louis St Louis Missouri right I I think it&#8217;s time for us to go but we got one more question if somebody&#8217;s ready let&#8217;s have one more question from this young man right over here go ahead do you do you think or know if leis and Clark pass through this spot where this T of voes is that do you think or no if leis and Clark passed where this spot is right here I think it&#8217;s really quite likely that yes they did pass by here uh the only thing is is on the way down I think they stopped on the airport side I don&#8217;t think they stopped on this side of the river so but on the way back they spent a couple days here because uh they sent a scouting party up the wamit river so uh they&#8217;ve certainly looked at this place if they didn&#8217;t stand here all right let&#8217;s give a nice big round of applause for Mike iel</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-11280502tmb/">Mike Ayel on Cowlitz History and Lewis &#038; Clark</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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		<title>Patricia Allen on Living from the Land: Seasonal Harvests and Ceremonies</title>
		<link>https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-03310601tmb/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:36:09 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://research.lewisandclarktrust.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-03310601tmb/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>A recording from the Tent of Many Voices collection.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-03310601tmb/">Patricia Allen on Living from the Land: Seasonal Harvests and Ceremonies</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>good morning I am I would like to introduce you welcome you to the core Discovery 2 we are doing by land what Lewis and Clark were able to do by water which is to follow the Lewis and Clark Trail this is a commemoration of by Centennial and so true to 1806 whenever Louis and park were making a hasty return to St l Louis so are we we&#8217;ve got about 6 months and we&#8217;ll be back in St Louis this September every town that we go to we get local presenters to come in and speak in the T of many voices where you are right now and so this morning I would like to introduce you to Patricia Allen she&#8217;s a member of the culture committee for the grand Federated tribes of grand Ron and this morning she&#8217;s going to talk to you about living off of the land so if you all please give Patricia a warm welcome we&#8217;ll get started thank you um I&#8217;m uh great grandma grandma and aunt and I was raised customarily traditional all my life where I was um when I was very small but the title of my um talk here is living off the land and what I&#8217;m going to talk about is um how I was learned this and um I learned from my grandma who was a tribal member from Grand Brown her name is uh calling for war Johnson who is uh who lived to be 94 in comparison with my great grandfather John machino who was a clamus my grandmother was of the umaro uh descent so um I want to talk about these things because of the reasoning you know we have seasons for all the harvests that uh We Gather which now we&#8217;re um we&#8217;re going to be into the salmon season the root season and all the Camas and uh these Seasons before we even start doing these Seasons we have a ceremony which will be happening April 23rd uh the harvesting of these foods are the medicinal purposes of our body to survive we have a blessing ceremony thanking the Creator for our survivals uh Ena us also to find these Foods uh we than um we we ask for the safe journey because we had tra we travel a long ways for these we go to the um waters for the salmon we go into the Earth uh into the lands the flat lands for the roots the canas which will we&#8217;re going to be harvesting here in um a week or two and um I want to talk about the foods uh the seasons that uh we get these foods which starts with the spring and that&#8217;s a season uh where uh We Gather our fish and the Camas and the um many other uh Seafoods that we&#8217;re going to served during this ceremony that we&#8217;re having um we also have some um berries and meats that we serve and when we do the servings um because I&#8217;m a uh I was taught to cook in a long housee and prepare these Foods also to preserve them uh it you know it takes a great step to do these things they&#8217;re each done with a lot of time time and effort um which is uh you have a mentor who is teaching you at all times guiding you through these different walks um the salmon in the first in the spring we uh we catch the salmon and then we proceed to um cut them start cutting them and then uh filling them for the feasts that we have and then we also ask if we do have have uh abundant more salmon after that then we start to uh wind dry or smoke dry them and we uh dry them with alter with when we smoke them um we also catch the steel head they have I imagine you you fishermen know that there&#8217;s Wild Ones out there but there&#8217;s the major now is K to put um uh I guess the Wilder to be set free um we we use also um the muscles we use clams we use oysters these are caught uh we have uh certain ones that go down there and do that all these different areas are like guided out with different groups that go to these different areas to do to gather these and each one like I&#8217;ve been taught each one at different times you know you can&#8217;t some are going on at the the same time so you&#8217;re you&#8217;re going to be you know kind of deciding which one you want to is the easiest usually but um I&#8217;ve done all of them and uh I really enjoy what I&#8217;m doing the canas um that is prepared in a oven I mean we do that in the ground we call that an oven because that&#8217;s our mother earth we use that for when we prepare them to barbecue them and we use certain leaves uh to prepare them and we put the we never put the uh the heat above it&#8217;s below the so that they&#8217;ll steam so um that&#8217;s how the canvas is prepared for preserving the cell where we also have a cell released which happens we call it Tupa now today um it uh it&#8217;s plentiful here in Brad round along the main road you can see a lot of growing well you can eat that either raw or you can cook it you know in stews and uh which we um we were terminated in uh 1954 and a lot of our heredity was lost so now we are coming back with these different ceremonies with our pank house that we are um right now in the process of uh building um next the roots that uh also when we do have other roots that we trade for with from the salmon and these roots are like in the desert areas that we know and we have uh people that go over there and like myself I live in the desert I live in Warm Springs well my grandchildren now are today out digging these roots for the ceremony that U is being prepared and uh you usually you go out early in the morning and when you go out you say a prayer when you first touch the land which will be today and uh they&#8217;re um they&#8217;re out there doing the ceremony of gathering because um giving thanks for this wonderful day that we are able to be here and that our children they&#8217;re also taking my children my great grandchildren out there to be with them so that that they&#8217;ll be observant to all the things that are on the land and uh at this time there are um three of The Roots out in the desert that are being uh gathered so they&#8217;re going to be aware and they&#8217;re they&#8217;re little guys I mean you know they&#8217;re little babies they&#8217;re like the oldest is 3 years old and so um they scravel around out there and it&#8217;s really fun you know for them and they have their little diggers we have a little diggers that um they you know take out and try to dig and they have dug I mean you we have a special little service for the children you know because to make them know that it&#8217;s real good and well for them to be participant with the feast you know the Gathering and to be thankful in the summer seasons um we start the Gathering of the berries and the herbs in the Seafoods uh the wild tea and the WAP um the WAP today I want to talk about that because you know the because of the farmers and because of the um the fencing and everything on the land that we are um really don&#8217;t have that much of the the wo as we used to have it&#8217;s become more scarce and um you know a lot of the areas I guess are we haven&#8217;t we have just now begun to come through our programs to try to preserve and save these uh endanger species of uh foods that we have we used and we supplemented on and survived on so now we&#8217;re in that position also with the fish fish and wildlife you know the deer AR in Seasons enabling us to carry on 100 years from now so we&#8217;re we&#8217;re uh we&#8217;re working programs to where you know we&#8217;ll be able to eat this in later life also because it&#8217;s a it it&#8217;s a real it&#8217;s a ceremony for us to um you know not everybody knows where these things are there&#8217;s different areas that we just don&#8217;t talk about because we have to protect it um we um also the clams muscles we go out and gather the muscles along the rocks and the clams you know in the Sands the oysters and we also ate seaweed well I myself my grandmother when I was very small she uh showed me this but I&#8217;ve never eaten it but I know you probably maybe some of you have today but I&#8217;ve never done it but I&#8217;ve um gathered it the crab and wild mushrooms and uh also we go and we gather the eels and uh we have are two specific areas here in um by Grand round which we go to to collect these eels and we um bring them home we clean and we prepare prepare them to dry you know I can I know how to dry them and uh to preserve which um you know is being taught here how to clean them to clean all the oil out I imagine you&#8217;ve seen the eels you fish with them probably sturgeon fisherman use them a lot now but um we uh that&#8217;s a ceremonial food for us because it was you know we used the oil and grease for many things you know for bug bites and you know all kind of different remedies you know the the fish itself was used use for the eel um the um we in the fall we go we we go to the mountains and in the mountains because uh this is a season for the hunting and in that time we go to um gather the berries and also dry the dry the meats the different uh deer or elk whichever we might um spot that day but there&#8217;s a group of people that go out to the mountain because in all this time that&#8217;s carried on the fish are running so as long as the fish run the people will fish as long as the seasons different seasons run the they will they will be there Gathering doing all these different foods until you know to find them for to preserve for their women ner and when and these foods are real important because we have a lot of Ceremonies we use them in um many ceremonies and the the most sacred one is when we put away a person an elder or somebody who has passed away this food is used always we are never without it so through this period we have to preserve and gather up a lot of this I mean it is it&#8217;s a group of people it&#8217;s not just me it&#8217;s a group of people families who gather this it&#8217;s not everybody it&#8217;s just different groups the medicine people they they are considered the medicine people because this uh food that they are gathering is the supplement that they use in ceremonies that we could continue on existing and being who we were brought here to be and to be proud of who we are because we are existing yet today and um we also go uh when we go to the mountains we have we go for the huckleberries elderberries or the thimbleberries these things all of these things in and preserving are dried to keep a lot of them they mix with your um um when you have the when you are drying your eelf meat or deer meat you um you take this uh dry deer meat and you grind it up and they preserve this for especially for elders because by then the elders you know they um the food is too hard for them to eat well how they preserve this is they grind it up and they grind these berries up and they mix them together which will bring the sweet and the substance the protein from the meat for them so that um you know they they don&#8217;t have to work at um what eating something that would normally be okay for a younger person but when you get older your digestive system is um hard to digest a lot of foods so what you&#8217;re going to do is you&#8217;re going to prepare all M for your ERS because we respect high honor our elders and we take care of them and we try to you know help them all through their life you know after they&#8217;ve become because they were our mentors they were our teachers who taught us all these different things I&#8217;m talking today mainly from the woman&#8217;s point of view because um and I imagine you had the men&#8217;s point of what they do because uh the women is the one that is gathering all and working with the foods preparing the foods teaching your children the different ways of foods out there teaching them the the uh things not to bother because of the toxins are in them and uh showing them different um herbs that uh they might use um for different things the different um how to use the fs when you preserve your Foods as layers uh and the Gatherings that they do the basket trees the material you use for basket trees and to gather them in fall and to be able to bring them back you always have a older person these are the ones this is the reason why you&#8217;re taking care of them they&#8217;re sitting like I am waiting and showing taking them to these different areas where they can gather and do all these things that they&#8217;re uh to taught to do and so um my grandmother was a great one because um she taught all of us children we were out there you know Gathering scrambling doing all these things but to us she made it fun for us because uh you know you weren&#8217;t to eat the first you had to wait and uh taste everything you know when everybody else did you knew so you had to take candy along well we went for candy you know so it was it was a fun time she&#8217;d take lunches for us and and it was rather enjoyable for us to be with our grandma and spend that precious time that um she shared um the winter season we come to that and this is a season where we start preparing for the next we do our sewing in and weaving and and the the men will make Nets and the different things that the men do you know I&#8217;m not really um a person to say fully with the men you know the plannings that they do uh in in preparation like for the next year what they expect out of that year and the prayers and the scks that go along with all these different Gathering periods that are done um they prep uh they go out and get the sticks for us when we&#8217;re going to dry different um foods that we have and also you know you need the sticks um because uh I don&#8217;t we were always taught that we were running around you know Gathering sticks because we never knew uh I guess for your when you camp and to do different um things uh the camp to hold your Camp up or to dry in a tree or to make tripods like when you would try do your Heights you had to have have scraped sticks and prepared sticks for that so it wouldn&#8217;t um you know get rid of the bumps and things that it wouldn&#8217;t harm you or do Travis like or you know when you were uh preparing to carry all your stuff out of there um the materials um my grandmother and him there&#8217;s different areas you go to the mountain for your berries and things you go on the flat for your roots uh the mountains that we went to was uh Mount Hood for our berries and whatever we were doing there but it you know uh as I think back you know from all the years we travel like that we would do this you know it was just something that was implanted in us that we did year after year after year after year we never tired of it we were always thankful and joyous because we were able to go out there and my grandma was a long housee cook and she took you know we thought that you know when we went to the mountains and um got huckleberries we thought we were going for maybe 5 10 gallons we didn&#8217;t we went for dozens and dozens of uh you know it wasn&#8217;t just small it was always you know she was a good provider for the fitting that she thought it what she gathered was never enough too because at the end of the year we would all by that time like myself I&#8217;m a gatherer and I do the cutting of fish people come to me and they ask me medicinal purposes through the year do you have this do you have this and by the time the year is up I&#8217;m I&#8217;m depleted now you know and I have two freezers I have two freezers what I I uh put like if I can dry my roots or whatever I have I have to put them in there and freeze them and it&#8217;s it&#8217;s still preserving you know in the freezer that I can&#8217;t if we don&#8217;t have sun in the summer I&#8217;m going to put it in the freezer because you know then like in gallon bags and then like uh during sometime I have 5200 in there because of as the year goes on and the ceremonies that are if I&#8217;m unable to be there then I&#8217;ll automatically take it there have my kids call them up and take it there because they need to use this because this is a the medicine uh that we use is one of the medicines you know for all the people of healing and um healing healing we think is um healing your body but we&#8217;re talking about spiritually because the Creator gave these uh foods to us and this is what we were taught from the very beginning of time and now a lot of the things that we do have are being um extincted you know from us like some of the trees are going and and um this the the WAP is very you know we don&#8217;t have that much anymore like we used plentyful for you know the land and uh because you know we had the population but still we have to keep the teachers around that knows these things that we can instill our children who are from here in grandr the histories and to let them carry on uh to what has been happening to where we were you know when we were terminated there was a great um span there where our children were lost and a lot of them now are we have really enthusiastic people you who the children are being taught the language and everything but I&#8217;m thankful you know that we are still here able to uh bring our family and our tribe back to the true identities that they need to have to live and uh that right now is about all I can think about but uh if we have any questions out there yes now I&#8217;ve never read that in history I mean I&#8217;ve got documentation back to uh my grandfather who uh that&#8217;s like uh two other Generations from me before the reservations and there I haven&#8217;t heard it yeah because this is a vast trading area this is one of the biggest trading areas in in the coast we it was a my grandfather was John Vino and of the clamas they had the biggest trading area it ranged from Portland Oregon even over into washingt up into Washington clear down into California up into Canada yes yes we did yes we did we did do that because we have evident of uh the bones that were being used for uh ceremonial purposes and they had clubs and uh that were made from the whale so we used all the ocean I mentioned the uh the ocean you know the sea very uh animals and creatures that we did use yes definitely for the oils all the fried fruits and meats on this side of the Cascades from mold and mil how did you salt would be unhealthy if you used too much of it for everything well they buried them they buried them and they had cases and they used basket trees is there any more questions yes I&#8217;m going to go ahead and bring the microphone in in the movies we see the some of the Indians maybe after a war party or someone an Indian ding they would build a fire and they would they would uh pull those smoke up put in their body yeah cleanse they use that they use the cleansing system and the sweats you know we had people who lived uh that lived under the ground I mean they dead like holes and I&#8217;ve read that through documentation from my uh grandfather they called them they lived under the ground people I mean you know that was just the way they Liv but they would come out because you know they would come out in uh you know during the days or whatever but I mean that&#8217;s where they slept underground I mean under areas like that it&#8217;s just the way they were I don&#8217;t know why but I mean you know the Creator what the different tribes we have right now five tribes right here I mean that are are in the the Confederate tribes in R but we are um uh we this there&#8217;s 29 different coastal tribes which a lot of them are integr into our tribe I they&#8217;re all our family all of them are our family does anyone else have any other questions for Patricia if not then let&#8217;s all please give her a warm Round of Applause I want to thank you all for being here listening thank Youk and our next presenter is at 11 o&#8217; it&#8217;s Tony</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-03310601tmb/">Patricia Allen on Living from the Land: Seasonal Harvests and Ceremonies</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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		<title>Neil Main on Gateway to Discovery and Northwest Coast Ecology</title>
		<link>https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-11220503tmb/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:36:09 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://research.lewisandclarktrust.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-11220503tmb/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>A recording from the Tent of Many Voices collection.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-11220503tmb/">Neil Main on Gateway to Discovery and Northwest Coast Ecology</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>got he they were never good afternoon ladies and gentlemen welcome to the core Discovery 2 and the teny horses I see some familiar faces um for our next presenter this is Neil M and he&#8217;s going to talk about the gateway to Discovery and he does work for a land trust that manages the gateway to Discovery so I&#8217;m going to hand it over to new M please welcome him well thank you it&#8217;s a pleasure to uh be Mak your presentation both representing the Gateway Discovery and then the North Coast L con servy is who I work for and kind of the focus of my part of the program for those of you that have heard Doug Durer you you kind of got the historical context in terms of na na American element I&#8217;m going to focus a little more kind of the scientific side of uh the perspective of not only the historical context by which the the core Discovery come to because as you know for those of you that follow the concept of Discovery usually that includes some element of some unknown or new information and if you make your group small enough uh then everything is new information that is if you&#8217;re just telling your friend next door uh then you could well be be the source of Discovery for a certain piece of information for the person next door although the information may have been known for decades or centuries so the whole idea of Discovery is is kind of squishy and I know people have sort of wrestled with this on the core of Discovery and in a way it&#8217;s been a struggle to say what did they discover you know people had already been living here carrying on ecological interactions with every single element of the landscape for 10,000 years kind of what&#8217;s left to discover so that that&#8217;s one of it is sort of what wasn&#8217;t discovered that people might think was discovered and then what was actually discovered kind of in our cultural context and then the really challenging part and the part we&#8217;re all faced with today is what&#8217;s left to discover that is do we know enough to um sustain a culture like ours uh for the same period of time that the cultures had been functioning in the landscape we now uh inhabit so you can kind of set the time frame for what I&#8217;m talking about is 10,000 years and we&#8217;ll kind of pick 200 years as our operation period and that&#8217;s sort of appropriate given today and all the time that&#8217;s going on a couple of things that uh that I I&#8217;ll mention real quick one is Gateway to Discovery it&#8217;s a real place it&#8217;s uh 850 Square ft it&#8217;s on the south in the seaside for the local people you know it as the laabi gallery but it&#8217;s now uh the Natural History Center and there we we have initially started out to create a center where people would really dis use that Center as the gateway to Discovery that is discovering the incredible place that we have here uh we had to adjust a little bit because once we got going we realized that it wasn&#8217;t really so much in the gateway to e Cola State Park and sadle mountain and hug point and Fort Stevens but that just walking through through the building to the de that overlooks the Estuary ended up being the gateway to a Wildlife Museum I mean so much going on every single day and having been in science for 30 years You&#8217; think I would have known that and I knew there were a lot of Critters around but the Dynamics of it when we have people staff there and volunteers there every day every minute making notes about what just happened out over the deck from the Otters coming in and catching flounders and eating on the logs to the bald eagles catching the fish to the deer quum swimming across the river to millions of anchois coming in to the golds being so stuck with anchois they couldn&#8217;t even move to the blue herand and the king fisher fights and well it just goes on and on so in a way it&#8217;s kind of portrays this idea that when you look closely at anything you you usually find action something&#8217;s going on and that&#8217;s what we found so we sort of modifi you see you get an experience with Discovery at the Gateway Center and then that also leads you to all of the other incredible places uh in this neck of the woods for those of you that maybe haven&#8217;t uh done some of the homework with the Louis and Clark expedition to understand it the best I think you have to understand Jefferson because Jefferson&#8217;s mind was scientific that&#8217;s where he was he was probably the top meteorologist in the nation at that time and he would even make his kids keep notes on the temperature when they were somewhere else you know I mean it was just almost fanatical about it and he had already tried to mount this very Expedition uh in 1783 he was already ated trying to make it happen and they even even collected funds and had someone that he thought that he was going to hire to make this same trip and that sort of didn&#8217;t work out so working through the Philadelphia Phil philosophy Society he had started to organize this Expedition and he just never could get it together and he had all the geography and the scientific information that he was wanting to collect so sort of think about and even by the time he was in Congress he had tried a little run at it just at as a congressional person and had gotten people to put up a whole th000 to to finance the Expedition but it sort of fell on De ears he wasn&#8217;t able to make that happen so it&#8217;s not surprising not too long after he became president that really just kind of pulled the old notes out of his pocket and said okay now nobody can tell me we&#8217;re not going to do this but scientific a scientific expedition in 1800 probably wasn&#8217;t a real hot item and so his challenge was to cloak it in the thing that Americans are pretty good at and that&#8217;s getting more material wealth okay economic get the Furs get the products so that transition you can see it in the documents and in a way you can see the documents being restructured to have this sort of grand benefit to the economics and kind of the social dynamics including one of Jefferson&#8217;s greatest passions which was this idea that unless everybody had a piece of land they were farming there was really no hope for democracy so need a lot more territory to begin with and what he wanted to know was is that all nice and flat and plowable so to speak and of course as you know they come out here and found all these dirty rotten trees just covering the landscape almost as Pest and so it wasn&#8217;t seen as very productive in that very productive what would you do with a tree I mean not that many trees so they were looking for farmland well uh when I say cloaking I I mean that literally I mean including very sophisticated ciphering messages that were written in code to Congress and between Lewis and Jefferson and Jefferson and Congress uh secret coded messages about this Expedition and again that was sort of the political reality of it was Jefferson had already asked the French ambassadors that about what would people think of this if we went into this territory and you know he says that would definitely be considered um by you know by our government and so it be trespassing on our land which at that point was basically Louisiana what became the Louisiana Purchase and of course when we bought the Louisiana that s took care of that problem on that angle but of course we still had the English you know in the west and so there that sort of secret uh continued on until just about the time in which the Expedition left were still sending these coded messages uh so that kind of set the stage but it again I think starts to bring up the idea about Jefferson&#8217;s thought process on this and keep in mind he thought they were going to go find Masons I mean you know they sort of had a little bit of a science fiction perspective this that this West even though like I say you know I think the folks in near San Museum to you know a Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Louis Clark expedition you know and that the further they got away from a culture the more culture they found you know literally millions of people already there with full cultures that had uh evolved to very very sophisticated levels and in their own way have developed a science that we&#8217;re still trying to get to that is we haven&#8217;t figured out the kind of Science in which you can uh make interpretations without our seven steps of the scientific method and yet cultures that had been here had resolved most of those science questions about what to eat what to use how to use it how to prepare it how to treat it just about everything you can think of in terms of the the cultural uh adaptations so when it come time for sort of the eventual expedition to to leave there was you know a lot of training that had gone on Le had spent a lot of time with sort of major scientist of of the era uh describing animals describing technique uh spent weeks and weeks getting trained to just run the instruments that were necessary to collect the data about main about survey and geography so um as primitive as it might have been at that point in time compared to today with our you know we just got through mapping the plat of planes the very land that that Clark walked on with a handheld GPS with a aerial photo of the site that wherever you move on the classet planes a new aial photo for that spot Scrolls up cuz it&#8217;s reading the satellites and then it tracks a little red dot on that aerial photo of everywh exactly where you are in the context of that aerial photo and then if you see something there then you just scroll up your little data sheet and plug in US saw these plants that plant this plant this animal that and then it&#8217;s all recorded for that single site you know and then think about the technology but in reality plus or minus a few miles probably in some cases feet uh with those primitive instruments using sort of scientific methodology uh Le was able to make incredible uh Records so again this is Jefferson kind of making sure that all of the elements of making this Expedition uh quite documentary uh had been done with the planning process so that whatever skills Lewis mainly Clark as well didn&#8217;t have they got this through some of the top people in the nation at that point in time so it it it sort of sets the stage for for that uh that part of it uh let me just shift a little bit to sort of what I see as the um historical Sciences of let&#8217;s say the West Coast uh and and in some ways I think people don&#8217;t consider real science if you&#8217;re doing it for basic in a cultural context or for sort of fundamental survival that the s is something that often times is considered abstraction from the context of the culture and you go to some separate environment for the science and then you work up the experiment and the design and do all that and you bring it back to the cultural context so when the when the native Eskimos native alaskans got together with some of the top scientists in the world they started a Cooperative project in which uh the two Sciences merged and what come out of that was that uh they were both inadequate somewhat they both added there were pieces missing from the Native culture uh in their form of Science and then there were pieces missing from out of the western version of it and so out of that come really a whole new powerful kind of science that was embedded in the cultural process it wasn&#8217;t separate or separate from and I think that&#8217;s well that has a lot of Merit it also advances my own Prejudice which is the way we tend to select what we think is good bad and so in a way we&#8217;ve been promoting this idea of Citizen science that is that science is not something that&#8217;s relegated to the science room or to the scientist that it&#8217;s a cultural process and that it benef could benefit benefit us in every way we just been working with a mid that was uh opened up from a little excavation was going on for somebody&#8217;s driveway and uh in that in that mid was uh these shells and um we just s these out just last week really to get some analysis I&#8217;ve already been through them with the stereoscope and there is nothing but clam shells in this entire layer and also with that was the uh was the charcoal that was left after the Clam Lake okay so if you can imagine razor clams I mean this sounds so good to me baking razor clams you know on a dune uh and leaving nothing but the shells and that&#8217;s about as good as it can get but you know when you think about it even with Lewis Lewis is bringing his his science here doesn&#8217;t mention razor clams okay in in the journals so can&#8217;t quite make that connection but you might have had some bad time of the year to be digging plams but think about the weather now get plans just in the last few days here so here&#8217;s this sort of common ground of the razor clown uh not something that&#8217;s found in the 3 to 4,000 year old men in this area very few razor clams but if you get to the 2,000 year radiocarbon material see razor clamps that&#8217;s what this this is all 2000 somewhere between 2,300 years old and razor plans are everywhere uh keep in mind we didn&#8217;t have any sand here until starting about 5,000 years ago the ocean was right back against the head walls all Cobble ridges there almost no sand whatsoever and then somewhere in that intermediate time between 4 and 2000 we start seeing these dudes start to grow and they&#8217;re Grow Again from back against the head wall and then start migrating to the West um so there&#8217;s probably if we get enough good dates there there a point where sort of all of a sudden razor clamps are showing up because we have sand we&#8217;ve got Beach whereas if you look at the mid material from say the pomos site which is in the 4,000 year old era it&#8217;s all Bay material almost zero Marine materials okay cockal Tres gacks Gaper clams all those kind of bay things so there&#8217;s a big transition that went on in terms of the geography here and then you see the razor clam showing up and and this is where I just try to make one point about this idea of how incredibly valuable and exciting it is to know about the place you live because it&#8217;s it gives you an Insight that would be comparable to the native science in which you knew about the processes of the natural landscape because you were a part of that landscape okay unlike our culture which is aart from for the most part some of you maybe living out in the woods and digging roots and stuff but not a lot of folks doing that now so this is that sort of comparative in which knowing about the processes now I could probably almost guarantee you that the folks that dug these plans 2,000 years ago would have been hard to imagine the life cycle of a razor PL and I think that was probably a decade ago or so there used to be a program called Beach was it beach festival or something everybody brought all their stuff to the convention center and it was just about Beach things what you found on the beach and all about the beach materials I remember I had my students setting up a little program there on razor Clans and they had microscopes to look at the CL lby and all the different parts of the plan they had the life cycle put up well we spent the whole night arguing mostly with commercial CL ders about our life cycle of these razor plants because we had them releasing eggs and sperm cells into the water right on the shoreline and then we had these razor clams going all the way out into the ocean 15 20 mi off shore and they were like no way I found little baby razor clams on the beach and they don&#8217;t do that but of course they do but it&#8217;s hard to imagine razor plants could successfully reproduce by sending little swimming protozoa type Critters all the way out into the ocean spending 6 to8 weeks out there and then eventually starting to grow just the tiniest little piece of calcium carbonate on that little lar microscopic laring which then makes the lar drop down to the bottom of the ocean and then the currents on the bottom of the ocean slowly start moving all of these spat of baby plams back onto the beach by the millions and of course they dig in and some of you may have seen this event I mean it&#8217;s an incredible thing when they come in and you&#8217;re walking and you&#8217;re the pressure of your feet makes these tiny little r clams come to the surface uh and we aren&#8217;t the only one that has noticed that if you happen to be there on those few evenings in the spring when that happens then you&#8217;ll see these goals down there doing this dance going like this and then take a three steps dance p and what they&#8217;re doing is the same thing that we end up doing and that&#8217;s they&#8217;re making making these little baby razor clamps come to the surface and then they eat it so they&#8217;re tied into it so I I I kind of where I&#8217;m going on this is to is to make one point for the presentation and that&#8217;s that when you&#8217;re digging razor clams which is the way these razor clams were dug with a cedar stick stuck into a uh El time and that&#8217;s your digging instrument and you and their in your 30 or 40 fellow tribes people have got the entire class of beach to yourself it&#8217;s hard to change have an impact on the ecology because one the efficiency level is not real high yeah if you can imagine stick about 3 ft long in the end of this poking it in the sand proing it around and trying to catch razor clam uh the productivity was low and even if you could have caught a million what would you do with them you know because you got the ones you needed for that point in time so this kind of leads to the S of The Next Step even without knowing how it worked um as we saw the sort of cultural shifts from one in which culture was embedded in the science the life science landscape then we saw the transition to harvest strategies that no longer were embedded in just day-to-day survival but were then being uh exploited uh and relocated uh as a product material as much as you can get and you kind of see that sweep all the way through the culture uh which that big conversion in which the Technologies started to drive not better lifestyle not better subsistence but uh alternative products from the product that you were collecting whether it was razor plants or fish or trees whatever that might be so you just see that huge uh cultural uh transition so my the razor Clan is kind of my example of of how it changes the way of look at the landscape here in plon county and the say all the Oregan coast and that as you see the phenomena that plays out and in a way it seems It&#8217;s not surprising that commercial PL diers were saying those kids I don&#8217;t know what they&#8217;re talking about was because it just kind of hard to imagine and it turns out that just about everything that we look at closely ends up being wow how how does that work how does that all happen uh to to even have any of these systems work and even though the reverence was there for the salmon uh you can imagine how difficult it would have been for cultures uh these really very sophisticated cultures from 3 to 5,000 years ago to imagine that a salmon was going to swim three or 4,000 miles of the Bearing Sea be gone for 3 years and then come back and find that piece of water that it was reared in and not find it by luck but find it by science that is that that piece of water has t been tagged coated by the unique combination of the material in that particular Watershed 36 71 Cedars 4,221 henlock 851 sword Ferns and then stir well and you get this product that is so unique that it&#8217;s can only be in one place there is no other landscape would have that particular set of materials and all of that of course all the pine needles falling under the water being processed by an in a whole series of of invertebrate organisms which then pass that through the body which then add in well you can kind of see the picture you have a chemical potion so unique that it&#8217;s Unique on the planet so if you have a o factory system like salmon do that can sort out individual molecules at the rate of about one out of a million they can find that molecule then it&#8217;s not surprising uh that a salmon wood swim out of the neana river swim out into the ocean go to the Bearing Sea swing by the Asian coast and come back up the California coast and swim into the mouth of the the canum and start making choices and so this is the first one it has to make big one left or right okay I mean you either go neana or you go in the can so that&#8217;s the first move so the messages start getting read first of all you had to just find this place okay to begin with and then you had to start reading these messages about which water as that set of material that was here when I was here last four years ago and sniff sniff sniff sniff you know trying to sort that out and making that hard left and then you know was it mil Creek it is my did my parents live in mil Creek H not quite right there it&#8217;s four molecules off so it goes on by and uh and what about shangar Creek and what about China crate and oh coo crate that&#8217;s Bells are going off match up match up um and so it takes a hard left up the hill by the elementary school and it&#8217;s headed back now to that unique place where those S would would uh you know have their origin and got that that unique code I say unique on on the planet so sometime we call this St and people say that is so amazing I me how in the world can these s to do that you know and not trying to detract from the absolute Marvel of what at all I sort remind people you know what&#8217;s really amazing at least to me that&#8217;s that&#8217;s all it can do it could have not done anything else okay so in a way it sort of changes a conversation and that there&#8217;s a certain amount of sort of Destiny to this process that is it isn&#8217;t really left little left and maybe it&#8217;ll work out be nice and you know it&#8217;s quite precise and so if you look at some of the things that creatures do and it&#8217;s and it&#8217;s kind of surprising that you know you think about January and Clark is mentioning waiting in 3 ft of water across and I got a right across the first time and then waited across this Grand River um and in those 4 days at least the part was here um you know going through all this salmon territory kind of no mention of salmon no mention of Tides which would have been in January would have been like the big deal of all like as you know you know go to the cove and the waves are going over throwing rocks into the parking lot you know very high water so it&#8217;s no small item that and 3 ft of water across the mou of the river so kind of I know it was bad weather but wasn&#8217;t bad weather that day you wouldn&#8217;t be waiting across the mountain mechanical I can tell you there wouldn&#8217;t be a low tide to go across there and yet they waited across that but kind of no mention of the salmon but when we look at the Salmon today in the minana system native salmon in January December and January you know we we sort of consider that we&#8217;re looking at the same fish that were running through those Waters 200 years ago the same fish that were running through those Waters 10,000 years ago these are all the progeny of those uh individual ation and the irony of it is that there&#8217;s a there&#8217;s a population of about 500 coo that sort out that neana system every year and spawn in all those little screams there&#8217;s eight streams in the city of seaside&#8217;s boundary and seven of them have spawning coal and some cases as many as 100 fish sort of still there today and yet you go to the ne mon system and you look at it it looks kind of well might be a little smelly looks kind of Muddy looks kind of dirty and uh so in some cases when on our sort of sarcastic days we say well it looks so bad that no one tried to fix it so it&#8217;s still working so that&#8217;s kind of the conclusion we got out of that one well the other thing that I&#8217;ll mention I&#8217;ve covered I&#8217;ve covered the razor clams I didn&#8217;t mention the ghost shrimp just because that had to be a freebie but the material is so limp you know the kiten on a ghost shrimp is just you know it&#8217;s going to go away pretty fast and when we went back well in the 70s you know Smithsonian did an excavation at palro site and they used qu in sivs to SI all the material and they got thousands of artifacts hundreds of thousands of funnel material bones and things and but when we went back and found their SI piles and they took the SI piles the stuff went through the screens and they at that under stereoscope that was where a lot of the world was I mean it turns out that almost all of the verra of the small fish went through that quartering screen and all the little pieces of ghost shrimp went through it and so there&#8217;s kind of a a pretty big missing part of the story about this because and I guess maybe if they didn&#8217;t have a low tide you wouldn&#8217;t have noticed all those gin poles but you know if I was going someplace for the first time and looking across the mud flats of the neana and that&#8217;s all I saw I think it would come up I me say wow what are all those holes in there you know and then if you had noticed some creatures doing this you like what are they doing and if you stuck around long enough and then you saw what they were doing you know that long long Bill Cruise off here every year and they gr shrimp okay so just about every creature and if you tell the story of the ghost shrimp people shake their head like the salmon story like the clam story like wait a minute now you&#8217;re telling me that those ghost shrimp they build this U u-shaped tube and then those Flappers that they have on the bottom of their body they use those to pump water through and invite other guests in into that tube and then pump 400 gallons of water through there and then the bottom of the tube is where all the debris settles and then they pick through it with those very delicate little mandibles that can almost handle things at the size of a Micon little decaying particles of of Marsh Grass and well it kind of keeps going on and then there&#8217;s things that live on their claws that then feed off of some of the material that they well it just you know it&#8217;s sort of like everything we talk about here just keeps going a little bit off the chart because it&#8217;s like wow and then take all the complexity of every one of those creatures and adapting to sand and reading molecular structure and and then stir that all cuz that&#8217;s all going on together and a whole bunch of those things have to interact to survive so then you take all that complex and then multiply you know by factors three or four or 10 or 10,000 so when I look at when I look at materials from Native American mens in this area and sort of think about a culture that was embedded in that process themselves with their complexity and their delicate inter action at precise times and many of the as Doug was talking about in the last session many of those were I&#8217;ll call them esoteric not that they weren&#8217;t incredibly be but they were imposed views on the system they didn&#8217;t arise out of the system but at the same time they were imposed over time and therefore their accuracy was comparable to having analyzed the same that situ situation for analytical values so you have to think about it sort of in in that context well the other one would be the life cycles of the of the Nearshore Birds uh sheer Waters and wh scers uh in the in the palmrose site uh 25 Marine birds were found uh in the following makes at 25 species and of that about 10 of them you could find them as drift once in a while but if you&#8217;re going to get get them in new numbers you have to get in a boat and go offshore a fair amount to start catching up to Albatross and and City Shear Waters and things like that so that&#8217;s another part of this sort of grand story is the kind of science that would be embedded in your culture deep enough that you could repeated over time to go offshore and collect up green birds where they I mean the rating there are big numbers Millions even now sh City sh Waters you see you can see 300,000 you stand at the C looking offshore and binoculars so there&#8217;s lots of them but getting to them and getting to them at the right time and then of course understanding how to process and make them a part of their culture so like I say 25 species have identified uh right now in just one uh mid sight the other creature that was found at Great rates uh was the sea which is another challenging creature very mobile they&#8217;re large they&#8217;re strong you know you going have to know a lot about their ecology to catch one um where are they how do they feed when can you get there kind of all the all the sort of insight into uh otter culture in some of the inventories um the bone material from a given meter of B remains it was as high as 44 to 46 bone structures from CR and I mean there that kind of density so there was also some U sort of collective effects that occurred from getting individual organisms that come out at incredibly High rates keep in mind the SE are you know long gone here but more than likely they were managing large kelp BS off tomad and were a part of that help sea urch and seaotter S which is kind of say another one of those sort of complex features um we&#8217;re out of time got a couple of little giveaways this is just a reminder a little bit about today&#8217;s discussion and that&#8217;s that uh my goal here is kind of help you change the way you look at a tree and when you see the limbs on a tree it&#8217;s easy to think the limbs are on the outside of the tree but when you sort of see this picture this is a stump in which everything inside the stump rotted away except the limbs okay and even though it looks like a torture chamber it&#8217;s really the inside of a tree and what the limb looks like from the trees perspective okay so grab one of these if you&#8217;re interested it&#8217;s got a nice little reminder uh for you which is kind of my party comment uh and it&#8217;s a challenge for all of us as we sort of head into this next uh decade about thinking about our place and how to live sustainably in it so thus the task is not so much to see what no one yet has seen but to think what nobody yet has thought about that which everyone has seen thank you does anybody have any questions for now I um it&#8217;s just that I wondered what the word is it mid m i d d n I&#8217;m not and how would you define that a lay of Earth I&#8217;m not sure I would okay it&#8217;s it&#8217;s kind of the cultural living site may have been a short ter campsite or may have been a long-term living site in which uh lacking Garbage Service uh it just kind of went out the back door of the long house and all the organic material and it piled up and it decayed and sank down and some turned soil and and so it become the the history of that culturals for the most part food Gathering and and see side there&#8217;s maybe the greatest Legacy of any City on the entire Pacific coast of mittens where there was cultural uh inhabitants for thousands of years uh starting about 4,000 years ago and those are maybe 10 ft deep and then every inch of this some piece of History going back thousands of years and so there were lots of sand in this year lots of sand bur not too many the next year so you you can sort of restructure the history of the culture by going through that V AR pardon would that be an archeological term it is yeah it&#8217;s uh yeah it&#8217;s a common term for the West Coast anyway where yeah okay yeah that&#8217;s that&#8217;s it it&#8217;s the and many of them do have just shells because the the uh natives moved from one location to the other depending on availability of a harvest at that particular time so you find these clam mittens only clam shells nothing else uh sort of from here North what did they what did they do with the grimp you said there was go shrimp there oh what did they do with what did they do why were they in the mid um that they might have eaten them I there&#8217;s not much there for for eating part of it so they may well have used app claws for something or some portion of it but they they&#8217;re just there so how they were used I I don&#8217;t know we haven&#8217;t seen anything made out of them like unlike let&#8217;s say the uh the little sand snail that you find down on the beach um all about uh you know they collected those probably didn&#8217;t eat them but if you take a fingernail file and just rub on the very end of it it takes just a few swipes and you knock the end off and then it&#8217;s Hollow all the way through so that become a really nice bead really plus one the first be that you have time for one more question okay i&#8217; like to get back to je Jefferson you said that Jefferson had his son&#8217;s report temperature so I&#8217;d like to ask a couple of temperature questions to the presentation one is did leis and Clark record any temperatures they want I don&#8217;t think they did they had what what sort of therometer would they have used and the third sort of related question is the salmon going up stream do they respond to gradients in temperature in the migration or is it a chemical gradient in the what far as we know it&#8217;s gradient but can temperature can be a barrier that is it you know if you those who were in the west 2 years ago when fish started going up Basin and the largest fish die off in history occurred in the pouth river 78,000 sh salmon died from a temperature barrier because so much water is be in that system so temperature for salmon can be Buri I don&#8217;t I don&#8217;t know about thermometers U but and I haven&#8217;t looked at the journals to see if there is any Precision about temperature I don&#8217;t I don&#8217;t remember seeing anything but there might be something there right we&#8217;re going to have to we&#8217;re going to have to wrap up our program for the day I&#8217;ll be here for a few minutes so thank NE M for coming in and talking with us this afternoon this does complete our schedule of programs here in the tent to many voices today and</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-11220503tmb/">Neil Main on Gateway to Discovery and Northwest Coast Ecology</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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		<title>Doug Durr on Clatsop and Chinookan Land Management</title>
		<link>https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-11220502tmb/</link>
		
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		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:36:08 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://research.lewisandclarktrust.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-11220502tmb/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>A recording from the Tent of Many Voices collection.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-11220502tmb/">Doug Durr on Clatsop and Chinookan Land Management</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>good afternoon ladies and gentlemen welcome to the ten voices in the qu Discovery 2 tell you guys a little bit about us if you haven&#8217;t joined us before we are a traveling exhibit we&#8217;ve been traveling the trail since January of 2003 when we started out at oneill at Thomas Jefferson&#8217;s home made our way Westward to the Pacific Ocean and next year we&#8217;ll be doing the return trip back to St Louis we&#8217;ll open up March 13th in St Helen&#8217;s Oregon um as well U we call this the T voices because we bring in people from all over the country to do programs for us to tell ly Clark Story as long with the Native American story as well the over 50 different tribes they met along the way today we have with us Doug durur who&#8217;s from the University of Washington and he&#8217;s going to be talking about the classup and the halum living on the land so please welcome Doug hello and thank you very much for showing up today uh as was said my name is dou dur and I&#8217;m a researcher with the University of Washington I work with tribes all over the West um trying to document things like traditional environmental knowledge and uh historical knowledge knowledge tied to particular places on the landscape and I do this through the University of Washington through other connections working directly with American Indian tribes around the western part of North America uh through the University of Washington through the University of Victoria where I&#8217;m at professor as well of the University uh Victoria uh School of Environmental Studies and the classic theum though from here of uh the people who lived here are particular interest um because this is home to me here this is where I&#8217;m from and uh the part of my family where we have a written record they wash a Shore here in the 1840s and develop connections with the tribes living here uh they wash a Shore and actually take up homesteads here in Seaside just as ston from the large Village that was out here and so we had these long connections going back and so those con connections continue today and uh we know though that these these people who are here clap flip primarily but also the nalum or Northern tum people who were up here some of the time sh know people from up North they were here for a very very long period of time they learned a lot about how to live in this place and there&#8217;s been a lot that we have learned we being people from the outside being my family being researchers had learned from these families uh about how to live here and how to live here well and so over the years the class of people the people who lived here in Seaside have been scattered in a number of different directions and today we have people who class of food went North some of them went up across the river and those people ultimately became hard of of what we now now know as the chinuk nation or the qual nation further north and we had people who got scattered to the South as settlers came through and started to move into the area we ended up going south and some of those people became part of what became the CET tribe the grand Ron tribe and the class of nalen people who are a mixture of people from different communities up in down the coast and so the class of people today have scattered the people who lived here the descendants of the people who lived here have scattered and yet they&#8217;re still around in fact I&#8217;d like to ask if there&#8217;s anybody here who&#8217;s a descendant of class of Chinook people anybody interesting first talk I&#8217;ve given in a while but we haven&#8217;t had a few of those folks here there are a lot of them around and even though we tend to think about these people having disappeared this is what you hear in all the textbooks the truth is they survived and they adapted they married into other tribes but they also married into the white families coming in from the outside and they became a seamless part of the community and today ironically when I do the numbers I see that the uh the number of people living today who are descended from the communities right here in the seaside is is larger than the number of people who is here who were here when Louis and Clark were here they have more living descendants today that doesn&#8217;t mean that the the class of people are all uh living exactly as they did 200 years ago but they haven&#8217;t disappeared theyve become part of a much more complex sort of social fabric like there and so I&#8217;ve had the the uh privilege of working with a lot of their their elders and working a lot with the written materials things that their grandparents and great grandparents told people who were passing through the area and so it&#8217;s on the basis of that information that I talk today uh about the history of this very immediate area here and this way of life that has in some ways been swept away even if the people themselves carry on today but I think it&#8217;s very important if you leave here to to know that at very least these people haven&#8217;t disappeared it isn&#8217;t an extinct people like you&#8217;re reading all the textbooks we really have descendants all over some living here in Seaside some still practicing certain parts of their cultural tradition but that being said I&#8217;m going to talk a lot about people as they lived in the past I&#8217;m not going to talk so so much about how modern day Classics drive around in SUVs and go to the grocery store and do things there though that&#8217;s what they do but instead talk a little bit about just how these people liveed here on the land we know that there were several large villages right here in the Seaside area right along the title Flats right along where the estuaries are and the people of this area fundamentally were people of that Estuary and in uary is a place where we have the fresh water come down and mix into the ocean and you get water that&#8217;s a little bit salt a little bit fresh all mixed together and you get all kinds of things happening there that&#8217;s where the salmon first come in and where you can catch the salmon that&#8217;s where the clams are all the different clams of plats of people here survived on are all found there in that Estuary a lot of other fish that you don&#8217;t hear as much about the flounder they had distinctive ways of catching flounder right out here you got out in the mechanic Estuary in the mouth there you can see all that those shallow areas and the flounder used to be thick there and the some people can still remember seeing their grandmothers go out and catch those fish by coming up and jumping on them you can actually get them because they&#8217;re nice flat fish and so you can catch them under your feet and you can hold them until you can reach down to the SN one and so there were all kinds of things like that to be found there the roots that grow in the tide flat almost everything that grows in the tide flat had some traditional use and unfortunately this time of the year there isn&#8217;t a lot of those things out out there there aren&#8217;t those things out there to see on the landscape I try to gather plants to show you and most of the plants I wanted to show you have turned around and washed away because it&#8217;s the wrong time of the year um and what this means too is that even though Lewis and Clark were here at this time of the year observing things very carefully they missed a lot because they were only here for a narrow period of time which is ordinarily a very wet rainy period of time I&#8217;ll have to take my word for that and so all the things they needed really were clustered around that Estuary we have this the SLO Edge grows on the SLO right on one those title Flats also called the basket sge people use this to make basketry and The Roots can be used for that but also these pieces can be stripped and woven together and turned into nice mats and that kind of thing so part of why I&#8217;m standing down here is so if anybody&#8217;s interested you can hand these things around so you can get a feel for them slle Edge that&#8217;s right or basket sge carrots of nuta for those who are taking notes it&#8217;s a uh a plant that grows all over we have a couple of types of SES that grow in side plats and the roots of these to this day there are some tribal Elders who still take care of these plants they go into there and they churn up the soil around where these plants grow they pull out only the roots they need and then they turn up the soil some more all around the perimeter what that does is it allows those roots to expand without a lot of friction without hitting rocks without hitting solid dirt and what that does is make nice long long roots and those roots are the best ones to use for making baskets and so there&#8217;s a lot of that kind of knowledge that still persists today the tops can also be madeit into various things too but uh there&#8217;s that management of the land really is tied to taking care of those roots making sure that those work a lot of food plants can be found there in the tide Flats as well one that I can&#8217;t show you here but which is all over is a plant that the Halen people at least we know I don&#8217;t know what it was called in classa but the Halen people called it Yeta and it&#8217;s a root that uh comes up has a flower kind of like a buttercup and you&#8217;ll see it out in the tie flass here if you know how to cook the roots and this is about the right time to gather it tastes just like a sweet potato and it was one of the primary starch foods that was going to offset all that sand and clams and everything else that people laid here very important plant and when you go out at the right time of the year and you look out over those tide Flats it&#8217;s like it&#8217;s like you&#8217;re in your SUV driving to the grocery store it&#8217;s everything you need out there you have all the plants to eat all the plants to make your baskets all the plants you need to do med medicinal work all those things out there on the tide flaps and there on the tide flaps too people traditionally fished around here and up and down this Coast we have some hint of what the how that worked there&#8217;s one Elder I&#8217;ve had the opportunity to work with Joe scoval who&#8217;s who was one of the last people raised in the community that was sometimes called squat town hobsonville down on Northern T Bay and uh some of his ancestors came from the village here in Seaside but by the time that the 20th century rolled around a lot of them were moving north and south and these people went South down to till Bay and that family has stories about how the hereditary Chiefs in that Community would take care of the fish as they would come up through those tide Flats they had strong beliefs that these fish were sensient beings like ourselves willing to make the decision to come up and and to give their life so that we might live here and so they didn&#8217;t want to disturb that they didn&#8217;t want to offend the fish by catching too many fish by using the fish wastefully and so the hereditary Chiefs would walk up and down the long Shoreline as people were fishing and they would regulate that they would tell people when they were going to set in the Nets they had they were going to they would tell people when they would stop fishing when they would pull those Nets out when they would stop fishing because they knew that they had reached a point where they could take care of their own needs for food they could take care of their needs for trade but they weren&#8217;t going to take much more than that because they knew that if they did that according to their Traditions the fish would choose not to come back not so much because you would overe exploit them which is how our modern day resource managers might try to explain that same thing but because the fish had felt violated by that that has overstepped our balance that out that gone outside of our relationship that we have with those fish and we know that probably over a very long period of time these people had the opportunity to witness cause and effect they saw the people a couple Villages down catch too many fish the fish don&#8217;t come back much after you keep pulling out too many fish year after year after year and those fish don&#8217;t come back and you learn that and that becomes part of your oral tradition part of your stories that you then pass on to your children and to your grandchildren to make sure that they&#8217;re okay to make sure that not only do you maintain that relationship but to make sure that your family survives that they have food to eat in Generations ahead so it&#8217;s important that that knowledge gets passed along Within These traditions and in fact doing the work I do up and down the coast has been amazing for me to encounter a few I worked with a few Elders who were raised very traditionally raised by families where they didn&#8217;t speak English raised by families that intentionally went out of their way to not teach the children things about the outside world and uh I I&#8217;ve sat there with Elders who who are just from a little ways up the coast speaking in broken English about how their great grandparents taught them that there were certain things to do with the fish one of the things I do in addition to working with tribes as I help with salmon habitat restoration work and we know that we can take very good care of those streams we can stop all the fishing we can make those the water quality just perfect get everything right and still sometimes the fish don&#8217;t come back now one of the reasons the fish don&#8217;t come back is because if the stream has lost all of its salmon there are no sandon carcasses in the water to feed the little bugs and if there are no little bugs there&#8217;s nothing to feed the fish it&#8217;s a very interesting thing salmon leave here they&#8217;re little tiny fish like this they swim out in the ocean they come back like this so they&#8217;re feeding on things out there in the water shrimp and little fish and all of that stuff that they accumulate in their bodies comes back up with them and it comes into these streams and they spawn and they die and their bodies are used to feed all the little things in the Stream we found that hundreds of different species depend on those carcasses for their survival and one of the species that depends on those carcasses for their survival are the young salmon themselves because they eat the bugs that eat their own their own family and so we have now gotten to the point of sem habitat restoration where we take carcasses from places like uh Seafood operations take those carcasses and put them in the water and the fish start to come back because there&#8217;s something that you&#8217;re getting the nutrients kickstarted within that system and so it&#8217;s fascinating me to work with tribal Elders who say to me and again great grandparents born in the mid 19th century who never heard anything about this modern science they will tell their grandchildren we&#8217;ve been told that we have to put the carcasses back in the water we do that because the fish need that so they can come back their physical body becomes part of the body of the Next Generation if we don&#8217;t do that the fish won&#8217;t be able to come back and if you don&#8217;t do that they&#8217;ll be offended and they will refuse to come back and that&#8217;s interesting because this is Cutting Edge science I&#8217;m talking about with this fish carage stuff and here we have confirmation of voice coming in from the 19th century to tell us how to do it right and for me that&#8217;s exciting because I can take that back to these resource specialist water day scientists and say look what the tribal Elders are telling us they&#8217;re telling us we have to do these certain things in relation to the fish and most people who come from a natural resource background think that we&#8217;re going to tell them well you have to chant certain words and spin in circles three times that&#8217;s not the kind of knowledge that&#8217;s coming down to me from these people it&#8217;s very practical knowledge it&#8217;s how do you keep your family living how do you survive how do you keep your children alive how do you keep your grandchildren alive so that&#8217;s the kind of knowledge that gets passed down through these oral Traditions it&#8217;s a form of scientific knowledge but it&#8217;s being passed down in a society where you don&#8217;t have writing so you teach children these things at the very early age and teach them how to navigate those things and to survive also down here around the uh well I&#8217;ll double back to that point a little bit I think that that&#8217;s an important point in terms of how to navigate and how to survive but I it should move up now from the title Flats move up a little bit higher the edge of the title flats that area between the ocean and the big forests back here and we know that the people right here in this area class of people T people Cho people all took care of the land in various ways and one of those ways was to burn the plants out from along the edge of that contact point between the forest and the tide flats and we know that the areas around the perimeters of the big Villages as you went further out those areas were full of good berry picking areas areas where people took care of those berry patches and made sure that those things grow well a lot of the berries that you find around here will do okay they will survive if they&#8217;re down under the forest canopy but they&#8217;re not going to thrive they&#8217;re not going to uh put on many berries they&#8217;re not going to really do uh put out enough berries you can actually feed your own family and so what we see here is that there&#8217;s a tradition of burning the edges of the forest going out and starting those fires and clearing back those edges a little bit and so we have stories from the elders passed down about all around the edges of what is now Seaside as you go around back along the edges of the hills sort of in that area between the the tidle flats and back in the trees all that area being excellent very picking at one time that was an excellent place to go buy a house I guess a lot of suburban yards there now bar picking areas are kind of few and far between but those areas were very very important and there&#8217;s still places around today where you can go and see evidence of that if you walk across the land here in Eola Park there&#8217;s some some little areas where you&#8217;ll still see berries growing and it seems strange cuz the forest should be covering it but it&#8217;s not Forest is back a little ways now the forest is moving in slowly taking over those areas now because nobody&#8217;s taking care of that land but you can still find those places nion Mountain you go a little further south in oswal West State Park South of us here as you drive through that area if you&#8217;re heading south along the highway 101 you look back on the south side that Hill slope still doesn&#8217;t have many treats on it trees are moving in fast because nobody&#8217;s burning it anymore but that whole hill slope used to be burned and there are excellent places there still to go pick thimbleberries and things like that because people took care of those places for years and years and years and years knowing that those plants would come back up also in those areas where some some plants like Camas I wanted to show you one of those but you know there&#8217;s one of these plants that was said to be among the most important in the diets of all the people along the North Coast it&#8217;s a plant that&#8217;s very pretty it has a blue flower that comes up in the springtime and it&#8217;s so pretty in fact the gardeners buy it now have both catalogs right there with their tulips and they put those in their yard and those blue flowers come up and they they&#8217;re spectacular they come up for just a little while and they go to seed and drop back down and the bulb is edible and if you can bake that you know how to do that right it&#8217;s very sweet very tasty and a lot of the elders around turn of the previous Century reported the Anthropologist coming through that the cus was their most important one of their most important plants right up there with that YCO rout I was telling you about on the tide Flats had also this plant grew right along the edges sort of wet margins where people were burning to take care of it and why I have all this buildup to tell you about this great ch plan just because I can&#8217;t find you any to show you anymore because they were taking care of it and nobody&#8217;s out there anymore taking care of it nobody&#8217;s burning those places to keep the forest back and the places where it was growing have also been built over and today canas is an extremely rare plant on this part of the coast it&#8217;s it is rare enough that people say from The Nature Conservancy other organizations that take care of rare plants be kind of excited when they see it around here it&#8217;s a plant that&#8217;s been rapidly disappearing in and yet 100 years ago Elders were saying they remember remember it was a staple plant they knew all about how to dig it where you could go get it fields that used to be full of it early explorers coming through here describe these Meadows and blue flowers in the springtime that were spectacular and without people taking care of those places without burning back the forest vegetation along the edges and people coming in building over the tops of those places bringing in livestock early on pigs love camet that get in they boot up for those C bulbs they dig up the ground and they heat up big patches and in fact in some parts of the the Northwest settlers coming in and reoccupying those C patches actually started off Wars there are fairly significant battles that took place in eastern Oregon when tribes Chas plots that they taken care of for Generation after generation were being uh occupied by people coming in with livestock for the for the outsider they would see those things they&#8217; say what a great Meadow it&#8217;s a nice natural spot I&#8217;ll set my set my animals Lo not realizing what kind of investment of Labor and personal energy and all those things that went into that particular piece of land that looks so nice it looks like a nice natural Meadow H the WAP the WAP that&#8217;s a good question the WAP doesn&#8217;t really grow down here on the coast it grows a few of them grow here on the coast but the big WAP grounds were further up the Columbia River the WAP is a fascinating plant and even though it&#8217;s not from this area I&#8217;ll go ahead and tell you a little bit about it because it&#8217;s so close that&#8217;s right and it was available in large quantities to trade from just up River the real Central core of WAP Gathering along this entire Coast is the Zone from about Portland to Long View what some people call wapo Valley historically that&#8217;s another plant that&#8217;s becoming increasingly rare although here and there on his is like savi&#8217;s Island outside of Portland you still see WAP growing in some of these natural little SES and WAP it&#8217;s actually um Chinese food you have uh little white things um waterest is it relative of that uh Sagittarius they&#8217;re both the same no but they&#8217;re both the same genus and so if you want an idea of what that&#8217;s like it&#8217;s kind of people call it the Indian potato around here sometimes but it&#8217;s the same it&#8217;s the same basic size little round bull blet that grows in Wetland areas uh up on the Columbia in fact it grows it likes a very specific kind of wetland area which is a real interesting thing it&#8217;s one of the things the science books I was talking about estuaries here were the salt water all mixes and textbooks never talk with you much about intertitle freshwater wedings but that&#8217;s that&#8217;s in fact what the wapo really likes cuz the Columbia River it hits that incoming tide and what happens is you get salt water in the mouth of the Columbia River but the further up you go you no longer get much salt water but what you get is the tide still affecting the river level so the river all the way up into Portland is going up and down and up and down with the tide even though there&#8217;s no salt water that gets that far up and so the WAP is sort of uniquely suited for that kind of environment where you have the water levels going up and down and up and down it&#8217;s actually a plant that can grow right in the water so you have to Buble it in the mud and then a long stem coming up in the leaves and a pretty little white flower up on the top and those were gathered by the chinookan people from just a little bit up River and Classics down here had families up there they had kinship ties to the people all the way up the river and trade ties and everything else and so they traded things down here that they had for wapo from just up the river they were they were slightly different people but they spoke more or less the same language and uh they had these kinds of connections and so people down here for example would have things they would gather whale oil was an important commodity and seal meat and seal oil things you can get down here along the Waterfront they also me very good canoes down here sometimes those are traded further up River and they would trade those for a variety of different things and WAP would be one of those things they could get also for that matter some of the people from down here here seem to have had uh kind of de facto plant Gathering rights up River because of those Family Ties and so they you actually hear stories clear into the late 19th century of people jumping in canoes from all the communities along the coast and going up the columia both to fish salmon at some of the falls all the way up to uh Bonville solo area but also Gathering wa as that came back down through and so it wasn&#8217;t a plant that really grow grew much here here but it was one that was close enough and they had access to so it was a very important part of the trading economy here and those car pick up on that um it&#8217;s also a very good plant to store so most of the plants that Louis and cl are talking about they&#8217;re not actually seeing people out Gathering much of this stuff because it&#8217;s the winter time it&#8217;s not the time to gather berries it&#8217;s not the time to gather most of these plants but they are seeing those plants coming through and those WAP are being traded all up and down the river all through the winter time taking care of people so okay right it can be propagated here yeah it does well in we setting so you can put it if you have a pond in your yard you can get some going a nice muddy base if if the water isn&#8217;t too stagnant you need a little bit of flushing and then I&#8217;ll go further back up into the mountains and come back down for a while and then we can open up for more more questions here these are good questions but taking things up further into the mountains some of the big mountains unfortunately we can&#8217;t see it here but if you were to just walk out anywhere Seaside look up you can see these big mountains all around here we have CLE mountain and we have Sugarloaf Mountain and we have onion Peak and we have Angora Peak these are all these this Ridge of mountains about 3,000 ft high at the tops going more or less from Northeast to Southwest terminating hitting the ocean where the a mountain is and the tops of those Peaks are high enough that everything&#8217;s a little bit different up there and we know that while I&#8217;m talking about the people of this part of the world spending a lot of time down along the tide flat spending a lot of time around these estuaries certain times of the year summer being a good time to do this people Tre further up into the mountains and up there you have plants that you just don&#8217;t find down here in fact there are some plants that are endemic to the tops of those Peaks right up here you don&#8217;t find them anywhere else on Earth because they&#8217;re completely isolated from other mountain ranges all around this area so they become completely isolated but people would go up there and gather plants for medicines they would gather a certain kind of grass be grass that&#8217;s especially tough and sharp very good for making real rigorous baskets real tough ones also people would use that for making designs on bask B because it takes D well so you can dye at a certain color and do all the ornate basket work and up on these ridges along the Coast Range here people also went up and um well gathered onions onion Peak is called onion Peak because of the fact that the whole side of that thing it&#8217;s all private Timberland on the way up there so it&#8217;s hard to go look at this but you stand at the base of some of these Baltic outc crops that go up 500 ft above your head and it&#8217;s real rough and each little pocket on the side of that rock has a little bit of dirt and each little bit of dirt has an onion going out the side of it it&#8217;s a pretty cool spot and people would go up there to gather large quantities of these onions which are can be eaten just like our own onions the top meat like green onions little bulb can be used like a wet and so that was being gathered up there but also there were hunting areas up there elk hunting areas and uh we even have stories about people going out and hunting the ridgetops kind of like you hear about the Buffalo further east people would actually flush those elk off the tops of the cliffs chase them places where they knew they would have to go around some Corner around another rock and then oh there&#8217;s a blind corner there that goes off the edge of the cliff and people knew where those things were and they would chase the elk over the edge some of those Cliffs are actually high enough it&#8217;s hard for me to imagine hard for me to imagine picking up the elk at the bottom but that was done and also up the tops of those mountains you have a lot of different places that were being visited for ritual purposes as well a lot of other important places like that a lot of stories tied to each one of those Peaks and so all of that was part of this continuous process of using the land year after year going in these Cycles going to these different places and taking care of different areas as people move around and so each part of these Journeys that people would take across the landscape cumulatively provided them with all the things they needed all the food they need all the medicine for the clothing they needed and so forth and so I may actually um cut things a little bit short here I do want to get into to questions and I also see the executor showing up but um I should say though as a closing though that this all this knowledge I&#8217;m talking about I guess it&#8217;s it&#8217;s interesting people talk with me about these kinds of tribal traditions and are they relevant today and I I they often seem to think that this is kind of antiquated stuff it&#8217;s something out of the distant past but like I&#8217;m suggesting there are a lot of things can be learned from this sort of knowledge we&#8217;re looking at uh ways of taking care of the fish we have stories about simple things that seem fairly basic to us and yet they tell you how to uh how to take care of your family I was mentioning the importance of of not overe exploiting the fish because of not not just the sort of big cosmological concern about the fish but because of the Practical necessity you need those fish to come back you need to maintain that kind of relationship with those fish in order to keep yourself fed we also have stories about uh for example tsunamis here there&#8217;s a story about um about a tsunami takes place down near Indian Beach or uh ecola Point down south towards can Eola Park that area about a tsunami coming in and there&#8217;s a the place called the baskets there a lot of lot of rocks that look like overturned baskets if you look out there from Nia point in Nia State Park and the stories describe people seeing all of the the water is sweeping out and we know now having seen what&#8217;s taking place with tsunami is happening around the world we know that the water sweeps out first when a tsunami is going to happen that&#8217;s the dip before the crest comes and so the water starts to drop and drop and drop and drop and you hear this story all over the world actually because there are different times in history where people see that happen and they don&#8217;t know what that means and they get really excited because you can go out in places you&#8217;ve never gone on to before and so there&#8217;s a story from who knows how far back I assume it describes a real event a real tsunami because it&#8217;s so accurate but they describe that water starting to fall going down and down and down and down and the people in the communities down in that area we know there are several Villages down near can Beach get excited about that and they tell their young women look their muscles all over the Rocks it&#8217;s a great time for Gathering because look at all those places can get to that you never were able to get to before and all the young women go out into the rocks and start Gathering and all of a sudden we see that wave come up and it sweeps up and we know this has happened many times before on this Coast because we find the sand we find the drift logs sometimes a mile or two Inland and that wave comes in and it takes them all and in the story then only a few people survive they go up up high and survive and when they come back down they stand on the beach and and they cry for the young people who have been lost they cry for all those people and if any of you know Canon Beach you know that one of the things that&#8217;s always in the tourist brochures is as you walk over the sand it makes this squeaking sound as you walk and people talked about that is the crying Sands of Canon Beach and in this story they explain that they say those are the crying Sands that&#8217;s the sound of those people crying for the people that were lost out there in that tsunami and when you tell stories like that to young people you don&#8217;t need to drill them on what to do in the event of a tsunami when you tell young people stories like that you don&#8217;t have to worry about them getting excited and running out to check out what&#8217;s going on down there because they have this powerful lesson and not only do they have this powerful lesson but every time they walk up the beach they&#8217;re thinking about that lesson they&#8217;re hearing that sound in that sand they&#8217;re being reminded of that story you&#8217;ve told them and that&#8217;s pretty powerful because it teaches people how what to do and how to survive and we know that because these tsunamis do happen every 3 500 years in this stretch of Coastline there are times when you actually have to worry about that when suddenly after maybe a whole generation hasn&#8217;t seen it that water starts to drop back and I tell you that now I tell you this story coming back from who knows how many generations of of class ofum of people you see that water dropping keep that in mind and get get to High Ground so that knowledge is passed down in that way the knowledge has passed down in other ways and one of the things when you go to boy scout camp they teach you around this part of the world you can always eat the blueberries find a blueberry out in the wood is almost always edible white berries you don&#8217;t usually want to mess with those and in fact in the oral traditions of the tribes right here they talk about the white berries as being the berries dead people dead people who died eat those white berries that&#8217;s their food so you don&#8217;t mess with that and then as your Todd in Boy Scout camp those red berries you kind of have to know your berries some red berries are good some red berries are very good some red berries are poisonous or at least when makeing very sick and here too the elders came up with a way of dealing with this he tells stories about Helo around here the wild woman kind of like zonaa North uh if you know that name like a Bigfoot character but a woman sharp teeth sticks mos in her hair extremely strong extremely strong and dangerous and liable to even eat children and there stories say those berries are hello berries all the berries that are red out in the forest she thinks are hers and so you never eat those berries in the forest if you&#8217;re out in the forest walking around you don&#8217;t just pop one of those in your mouth the only place where it&#8217;s safe to eat a red berry is if you take all your berries and go back home with the rest of your family inside your inside your long house that&#8217;s the safe place to eat those berries because otherwise she&#8217;s out there in the woods she&#8217;ll see you eat her berries and she&#8217;ll get upset and she&#8217;ll come after you but what does that do effectively that makes sure that every time that little kids are out in the woods Gathering red berries they don&#8217;t just start eating them randomly out in the woods they bring it all home where their parents are where their grandparents are to watch what they&#8217;re eating to make sure it&#8217;s okay so a lot of these stories too you go through and read stories in in collections of tribal tales and it&#8217;s like well that&#8217;s what&#8217;s this crazy stuff about some wild woman who likes to eat children and thinks the red berries are hers that&#8217;s that&#8217;s crazy but the more you look at this stuff the more you understand what actually out there on the ground the real hazards to children out there on the landscape that&#8217;s where this stuff is coming from and a lot of that stuff is pretty sophisticated it reflects the fact that people spent generation after generation figuring out how this stuff works and then how do you tell children something about that or how do you explain to your community about that in a way that&#8217;s going to stay with them that&#8217;s going to remind them that&#8217;s going to keep them safe for generations to come and looking after those those children and grandchildren and so I think that there is a lot that we can still learn from this oral tradition and not just the tribal people although for them it is an important part of their Heritage but I think that this oral tradition you know the class of people when Louis and Clark came here we know that they were very good at sharing they took good care of their guests they kept an eye on Louis and Clark they made sure they had food coming and going and and uh they did the same for a lot of families they did for my family they did it for all the different explorers coming through early on you know and I find today the elders who are still Tred tied into these Traditions are happy to see the rest of us paying attention to them because it&#8217;s we all live here now we all still we live in this place we share this landscape with the people who lived here for Generation after generation after generation in a way those mountains we see around us that walk in front of us those are the things we share with those past Generations as well as concern about our children concern about our grandchildren those fundamental human things and the point of view of these Elders is you now have to live on this land you now have to take care of this land too you have to take care of your children and grandchildren and so we can all gain things from this we can all be inheritors of this oral tradition reflecting generation after generation and experimentation having on the land having to deal with the consequences if you over harvest the fish if you eat the wrong Berry if you run out and the tsunami is coming in and now we are all inheritors of that and stories have been passed on to me verbally they came to my ears now they come out of my mouth to your ears they&#8217;re all part of your knowledge as well so you all have that tradition as part of your knowledge too and so the old tradition continues and just as I said the classic people aren&#8217;t extinct they have descendence all over so too their oral tradition is carry on but in ways they probably could never have imagined so anyway I open it up for questions I heard that did everybody else he was asking is there a time when youth are trained uh to tell stories and the truth is that storytelling is is a fundamental focal point of social life within the traditional way and that especially at this time of the year as we get into the winter and again it&#8217;s hard for me to help you envision this because we&#8217;re having W winter or we&#8217;re not having winter weather we&#8217;re having weather that&#8217;s kind of like our Springtime but ordinarily we have and we will probably in a couple of days in fact if you stick around we&#8217;ll have wind blowing wind often howling out of the South as these fronts come in off the ocean rain falling horizontally it&#8217;s a very good time to go indoors and tell stories and for this reason actually one of the sets of stories I didn&#8217;t even really get into today but it&#8217;s very important in terms of this kind of teaching I&#8217;m talking about is a whole series of stories among the tribes about south wind who is in fact their trickster character uh like coyote further east or Raven further north south wind is here all the time in the winter blowing making your house rattle making the smoke back up and bow into your home and so you can&#8217;t forget about south wind south wind is everywhere and south wind is the one in the stories who creates a lot of the land forms out there on the ground and teaches people about how to live and how not to live and he&#8217;ll steal somebody&#8217;s fish for example and then run down the beach ways and fall asleep because he so full he has to sort of sleep it off and he&#8217;ll wake up incased in rock and he&#8217;ll have to break his way out of that rock calling upon the the generosity of various people who just about had it with him and it&#8217;s a long negotiation process to get chipped out of that rock so there those rocks are at the mouth of t m Bay and every time somebody goes in and out of that bay they&#8217;re reminded of that story you don&#8217;t take somebody&#8217;s food like that without permission you don&#8217;t take things that people and if you do you&#8217;re going to spend a lot of time negotiating yourself out of a pit or out of a chunk of rock to come to the surface so that knowledge is all there on the landscape but the South Winds would be blowing all winter long while these stories are being told so a lot of this knowledge is being discussed being passed along around the fires in the winter time and in fact in this part of the world more so than in some other tribes I&#8217;ve worked with some tribes stories are told and then children learn those stories just by hearing them over and over again here there was so much of a premium placed on passing down the information very accurately that they would actually drill children sometimes in learning these stories line by line so that they would they would learn learn them wrot so that the next story teller would know those stories just perfectly and for that reason it&#8217;s really interesting because I can go back to old archival accounts somebody interviewing One Elder in 1900 another Elder in 1930 and you can almost get the exact same wording boom boom boom boom boom and it&#8217;s that kind of cultural knowledge we don&#8217;t do that so much in our society with stories we do that with songs we can say oh what fun it is to ride in a one horse open sleigh but we don&#8217;t teach children to sing well you know it&#8217;s really great to jump in a sleigh and ride down through the snow with a horse one his best kind of fun you get that kind of Rhythm to it and and those things stick in your head and so that&#8217;s the way that those things are being passed on to the children but it&#8217;s really from from infancy on they&#8217;re being exposed to these stories and then some stories being told out on the landscape when the landscape feature is there that story is tied to that landscape feature but an interesting thing one last thing I should mention about the south wind stories is that there there was a belief that you shouldn&#8217;t talk about south wind you shouldn&#8217;t retell the south wind cycle out of season because you&#8217;d be inviting Misfortune you in fact would cause it to go back to wintertime because that&#8217;s a wintertime story so you start telling South Wind Stories the wind may go south on and you&#8217;ll be uh having to puddle indoors again because that&#8217;s that&#8217;s the time so many questions here question how long does the uh did the waves stay out in a tsunami before they come in how did they have enough time to go out there and and Fiddle around shelves you we don&#8217;t have a geologist or do we have a geologist in the crowd it&#8217;s a few minutes few minutes not very long and it depends on the the size of the wave and the variety of things but it&#8217;s a few minutes I heard from an earlier presentation the importance of the cedar tree that&#8217;s right and I was wondering if there&#8217;s any Traditions you can share in terms of relationship with the either Force management Cedar well that&#8217;s that&#8217;s a good point I brought along some cedar I brought along several pieces of trees people thought I was going to give like a wreath making demonstration or something but all hand this these are two pieces of Cedar uh gather actually gathered right in the middle of an area that I know was in a halem cedar Gathering area at one time the cedar trees there there&#8217;s so much there I could do a whole separate talk to on the cedar trees because cedar trees were the source of the wood for the houses the canoes the bark can be peeled off and if you pound it just right and soften it up the fibers come loose and it&#8217;s almost like cotton you can weed things with it uh you can weave baskets and hats and all sorts of things The Greenery has medicinal uses and so almost everything uh that a person might hope for in terms of material culture in terms of those items you want to make for your living are found in a cedar tree and there were a lot of different relationships with those cedar trees that are worth mentioning I&#8217;ll just T touch on a couple here again just like fish the traditional world view is that these these cedar trees are they they give themselves willingly so that we may have those things and so people didn&#8217;t kill cedar tree unless they absolutely had to and so for example around here people would take planks off the sides of the trees without killing a whole tree or they take cedar bark off the side of the tree that&#8217;s actually possible you can come up to these cedar trees and up in British Columbia I&#8217;ll still find places where people still have done this recently enough you can find the scars on the side of the tree you can come up to the side of the tree put in some wedges hit them up and it has such a long straight Rin that starts to split off the tree a little bit and because these people had a lot a lot a lot of patience I guess you say the tree sways back and forth and over time that splits a little bit and then maybe come back the next day and boom notos wedges up a little bit more and that tream keeps doing that until finally pop they take off that whole plank cedar bark is the same way you&#8217;re going to make clothing out of it you only take what you need off of one side of the tree and over time that cedar bark closes up the tree heals that up it takes a long time that that can be done and if people were taking these things there actually certain things you apologies you make to this gear streak saying you know I&#8217;m sorry I&#8217;m doing this to you but I really need this for my family and we&#8217;ll do this respectfully and we&#8217;ll still takeing care of and take that stuff home I should also say that the the cedar trees for the canoes and other Woods where you really needed good strong wood people would often go way up into the interior it&#8217;s another use of the mountains I didn&#8217;t mention even though there were cedar trees down here people often went way in Inland because the cedar trees growing on the real Rocky higher elevation areas they had to struggle they grow slower because it&#8217;s colder rockier and what that means when it grows slower is that the Rings are tighter less growth each year less build up new wood and so from a if you&#8217;re a canoe Builder that&#8217;s a good thing because that means you have really tight grain wood very strong wood and so people would actually go way in the interior and chop these trees down I work with one Elder up north who still remembers doing this with his grandfather where they went clear up a mountain and they knocked over the tree and then it hangs up on the brush and they chop the brush and it takes about a day and then the tree slides halfway down the hill you go down the hill and they set have another base camp they clear the brush there out of the way Push It Rock it and pretty soon it slides the rest of the way down to the water front and then they can start working on cano takes two or three days to get that log down to the water and then they floated down the river down to the village where they work on so that wood was the premium stuff and there were stories that children would be taught again about these plants which I won&#8217;t even get into but there are stories about the cedar trees at different times and the spruce trees and all the other trees when they&#8217;re still speaking being asked actually by that same Wild Woman character you know uh she has gotten her face tattooed and she wants to ask them what what they think of it of course she&#8217;s pretty horrific looking anyway and now she&#8217;s got her face tattooed and she asks each of the trees in turn what do you think of my new tattoos and henlock tree which I don&#8217;t have here has the bad sense to tell her what he really thinks and she says in the future your wood is going to be totally useless when winds blow you fall right over nobody will make medicine out of you you&#8217;re not good for much of anything but cedar tree has t cedar tree knows what to say he says I think you look great this is always the right answer isn&#8217;t it he says I think you look great with that those tattoos and she says very good and you&#8217;re going to have strong wood in the time to come when people people are here this is before people arrive people will make canoes out of you they&#8217;ll make medicine out of your out of your Greenery they&#8217;ll make clothing out of your bar and you&#8217;ll be honored by all these people who will show you this kind of respect and so same thing happens with Spruce this tree is everywhere around here Spruce very Pokey I&#8217;ll hand these around Spruce also has a good sense to say fairly positive think Spruce is not given as many attributes as Cedar but Spruce it&#8217;s a great tree and a lot of the uses are medicinal pitch very important medicine uh spruce trees in some cases people go and put ceremonial regelia in the branches because it&#8217;s a powerful tree and you want those things out of the mundang world off the dirt off the ground and in some cases people even bury people up in trees up in the branches of these spruce trees with broad lateral branches sticking out and they laid those canoes or boxes right in the arms of that tree to take care of them so that&#8217;s very Poky by the way I warn you that a lot of the native names for this plant up and down the coast translate to the plant that really really really hurts when you grab onto it so as this goes around before War that&#8217;s why I&#8217;ve stripped the stems for you this will be our last question okay can you give us a glimpse of what it was like for families living in the long house seasonally how it would change yeah the the long houses around here they varied in size a lot there was the winter long house where the larger families gathered together and those were all made out of these big cedar planks they were often big open rooms some of the really big ones were as big as this the interior of this tent and you&#8217;d have extended families in them often two or three fires in a row down the middle some kind of large broad bench structure around the perimeter which served as sleeping platforms and often there were places to store things underneath that over the top of that and so forth and then there were rooms often partitioned off with small poles and uh woven Maps made out of various grasses even sometimes these guys and so you have whole extended families there in the winter time you it&#8217;s sort of a combined residential space and storage space because there&#8217;s so much it it&#8217;s not the time of year when you&#8217;re Gathering food it&#8217;s the time you&#8217;re living off the stored Provisions so there were boxes all over often big what they call bent wood boxes made out of sear planks that will be taken off the tree heat it up and then bent so that you take a single Plank and you bend it and you bend it until you get a box and then you put the top and bottom on and you get a nice wooden box and people will be living off out of the food or off the food in those boxes and those boxes would be decked out on those platforms and under those platforms and above those platforms around where people were gathered and so in the winter time people were living off of those telling the stories around the fires and holding winter ceremonials often when the biggest homes which happen to be the homes of the more powerful families um we&#8217;re hosting potash kind of events where they&#8217;re exchanging goods thank you and uh and also um sham shamanistic uh work where they&#8217;re going through and bringing in shamanist new healing work and that kind of thing in the winter and there as we get into the springtime people begin to mobilize they go to fishing places and plank Gathering areas and so there fewer people there at the at the larger houses but then you have temporary encampments smaller houses um there are temporary encampments like this that used to be all over the place and you can still see where some of them are as you walk over the landscape um and some of those were they look like shle simple shed structures often like the size of a garden shed sometimes where you have a family just sleeping for a couple of nights uh doing some fishing doing some plant Gathering maybe a simple shed slope like this rather than like this and um and they would move around between different locations where they had fishing stations and so forth and then people moving up into the interior as well sometimes in the hottest days of summer people sleeping out with kind of mat coverings again those woven mats being used over pole Frame Works way of the Interior fishing stations and so forth in the big Villages though at that time people would still be there um sometimes people would pop the boards off the roof so you got better areation and uh sometimes if people are going to go for a major fishing junket they might even pull some of the boards off and take them with them to go lean up to make the walls of the other structure they&#8217;re going to live in so they&#8217;d actually pick up those boards takes a lot of work to get one of those sear blanks off of a tree so you don&#8217;t just have you know a bunch of them here A bunch of them there a bunch of them here you sometimes have to take some with you to to go where you want to go and so in those different places you&#8217;d have smaller groups of family and then in the larger house you&#8217;d have a few people still hanging out usually elderly children those kinds of things Sing close to home and then as you get into the winter time then everybody begins to regroup and sometimes people who haven&#8217;t seen each other for quite a while for weeks or months would regroup and those extended families are back together in a larger village where they spend the year rest of the year say we&#8217;re out of time we should be questions for Mario stick</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-11220502tmb/">Doug Durr on Clatsop and Chinookan Land Management</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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		<title>Howard Boas on Crow History and Lewis &#038; Clark</title>
		<link>https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-07030502tmb/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:36:08 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://research.lewisandclarktrust.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-07030502tmb/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>A recording from the Tent of Many Voices collection.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-07030502tmb/">Howard Boas on Crow History and Lewis &#038; Clark</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>well good afternoon everyone and welcome to the tenam many voices I encourage you to come in and have a seat and join us we&#8217;re just about to get started with our 1:00 program the tenam Min voices is part of the cor Discovery 2 traveling loose and Clark exhibit it&#8217;s a m agency exhibit with a National Park Service being the lead agency if you spend some time here today if you go out to the keelboat for instance you talk to members of the Army Corps of Engineers if you go out to the Dugout canoe you talk to someone from the Bureau of Reclamation so it&#8217;s a multi- agency exhibit and it&#8217;s a multi- partnership exhibit here in the tenam many voices we have a wide variety of presenters that share with us a wide variety of perspectives both on the lwis and Clark expedition itself but also we like to hear from the PE from the descendants of the people that were living there long before Lewis and Clark arrived we&#8217;d like to hear from these indigenous or American Indian nations to share their story their perspectives and that&#8217;s what we have today with our 1:00 program we have we have Howard bogus who is an enrolled member of The Crow Nation he&#8217;s going to share some of his people&#8217;s history and culture Howard is a oral historian has been learning his history and culture of his people since he was six years old so we&#8217;re very privileged to have him here let&#8217;s give him a warm welcome to the tanam voices so you got me on oh okay all right thank you uh want to thank the National Park Service for allowing me to come here to speak with you and uh talk to you about the history of the people who were here when lisis and Clark came uh one of the things that people don&#8217;t see in the in the Diaries and and of the Louis and Clark and and stuff like that that there was people here there was culture there was societies there was religion all of that was here and it was all basically the same as the stuff that Lewis and Clark brought here and uh Jesuit priests and uh other religions that brought religion to the crow people afterwards but uh anyway uh I&#8217;m an enr enrolled member of the Crow tribe of Indians and uh at the age of 6 years old I was designated by a cow cro Indian Elder my named George Washington Hogan and uh when you go down on the Crow Nation you will find many Washingtons you will find many Lincoln and uh things such as this because at that time the Indian people named almost all of their children after a president or somebody that was very very important so you find them types of names down there but Mr Hogan when he adopted me uh that does not mean that I left my my family and went to live with the Hogan Family whoops my outfit fell off here my uh speaker fell off in the back of my belt but uh anyway uh when uh Mr Hogan when he adopted me um I became a a member of the Hogan family so I had okay so I had two families uh to bring me up and when Mr Hogan uh adopted me he he he he asked my parents if I could be brought up as an oral historian so I&#8217;ve studied oral histories all my life plus the written histories I&#8217;ve put together a library of over 8 around 800 books on the cow Indian people and the other Indian tribes of Montana and in thousands of loose leaf pages I I don&#8217;t know I I got so much I don&#8217;t even know what I have anymore but uh anyway when when when he uh asked me to do this then he and in Crow tradition then he designated two people that would be my tutors when I was very young and one of them was one of the people was Robert suar yellow tale who was actually the first American Indian that became a superintendent of a of a tri of a tribe of Indians in the United States and he was one and Mr yellow tale became came back and he became the superintendent of the Crow tribe of Indians uh and the other person who he designated was Robert Summers how who was who was my my mother&#8217;s older brother so I had a clan uncle and and and and an uncle who were my my teachers and these old these gentlemen would take me out and through the hills and stuff you know and you know I can remember now you know when you in the 40s and 50s men we had we were still driving Model A and old junker cars and stuff such as that you know battle tra around the hills and these guys would take me along and say you know this is what happened here on this hill side this is come and look at this these rocks and this the the rocks that this marks a prayer site or a battle site or or it&#8217;s a trail marker or something such as this you know and so I&#8217;ve actually spent most all of my life hiking the hills and looking toward uh my friend Mike penfold here goes with me all the time anymore because I have I lost all my peripheral vision so I only have central vision also they don&#8217;t allow me to drive but old Mike here he takes me all the time and and uh but anyway we go out and we we we uh find the paintings and stuff out here we we visit paintings here that have been carbon dated at 1,000 years old so the you know there was a culture there was you know and that was here a long time uh we we we walked the trails we have a highway system today the Indian people had a highway system one of the main highways is just right out here just west of Great Falls it goes from Alberta Canada to New Mexico and all you do is you follow little piles of rocks all the way um one of the things that&#8217;s always uh very interesting to me is that the I I believe that the Indian people got along a lot better before the white men came along before they was being pushed into smaller groups uh because at at in in our beliefs no one owns the land the land is there for everybody and the land is there to to take care of everybody uh in our and we and in our structure of Life uh our structure of life is a family is is a family structure because I pray to my my father the sky I pray to my mother the earth I pray to my grandfather the sun I play I prayed to my grandmother the moon these are the things that brought us into this into this life in this earth they&#8217;re the ones that brought us up they tutored us they taught us they fed us they took care of us so our our really our our way of life and our religion was our family and our Earth our Sky our sun our moon you know it&#8217;s it&#8217;s like uh my father this guy he looks over my mother the the Earth he showers with the rain my mother the Earth brings up the green grasses the trees whatever it takes to feed us or to feed the animals that we&#8217;re that we are going to consume without it our grandfather the son without our grandfather the son this could not happen because we need the sunlight to take care of it but you know we need time to rest so our grandmother the Moon she watches over us while we rest at night so that we can get ready for our new life that begins in the morning because in our cro in in our croad tradition our lives are one day at a time a life is one day at a time and it is for all of us yes we always plan for the future but our life is still only one day at a time and so that&#8217;s this is how our belief our culture was and this was a belief in a culture that was going on at the time when Lewis and Clark came up through the Missouri River I drew this map right here this map right here this is Mandan right here and uh I drew this map off in Crow Indian oral stories I drew it off of the information that was given by sits in the middle of the land when he signed the 1826 treaty at Mandan with the United States government that was the first treaty that the C Indian people ever signed with United States government so when uh they signed this treaty uh the general he says well sit in the middle of land he says what where where do you live how can I find you if I need to contact you because the 1826 treaty it didn&#8217;t say I&#8217;m going to give you something I&#8217;m going to take anything it was a treaty of friendship because the crow were recognized as a nation by the United States government not as a tribe of Indians not as a reservation we were recognized as a nation one of the very few tribes of there was only a eight to 10 tribes in the entire United States that were recognized by United States government as a nation but anyway when uh when we signed this treaty here and he said where do you live well he says my Crow people live under my Lodge we as Crow when we set up our lodge we use four main polls all of the rest of the tribes use three main poles to set up their lodges but Crow used four so we set up one he says my one pole sets at thei River Big River the Missouri River or the Yellowstone the AA runs into it this is up here on this my second pole it&#8217;s down here and it&#8217;s what where the it&#8217;s the Gap Where the Buffalo come through Spearfish South Dakota that&#8217;s where the second pole was set for the coration the third pole was set way down here in the southwest and uh it&#8217;s at a place that is called that you can visit today it&#8217;s the gurgling Waters pooo Papa Waters and it&#8217;s where the waters are boiling from the ground it&#8217;s a beautiful place to go to our fourth pole set where the rivers mix the headwaters of the Missouri River where the Jefferson all three of the rivers come together here at the Three Forks and this is our cron Nation sets under our law L because our lodge is round if you noticed the the the reserv the the nation was in a shape of a heart and I couldn&#8217;t figure it out I I study father desmid quite a little bit and uh father dmid went back to uh St Louis when he got to St Louis they asked him that where have you been where&#8217; you come from he says I just came from the heart of the cron Nation we have to remember that father dmid drew a good share of the maps of the American West he was a priest a Jesuit priest but yet he you know he had to have a a way to finance himself because uh the Catholic church was not financing the Catholic church was not financing uh father dmet father dmit was a renegade study him oh he&#8217;s fun he is fun but uh anyway when when when he got back to St Louis he said he was he had just came from the heart of the crow country when I use the oral stories this country over here this is Plat River Country this water all runs into the Big Horn River this run water all runs into the Yellowstone River this water runs into the from the Missouri into the Missouri here into the Yellowstone and then Yellowstone Park up here yeah Crow Indians at one time Yellowstone Park almost 80% of Yellowstone Park was in The Crow Nation we should have kept that and give them the rest of the reservation but uh no it&#8217;s it&#8217;s it&#8217;s very interesting of the history and the people who went here but one of the things I like I always like to talk about uh the culture uh we had artists and our artists when they made a painting a thousand years ago you can read it today and it tells you a story um that&#8217;s one of the things I forgot to bring along with me I was going to bring along some photographs of of of some of the paintings and uh there one of the things what I find in the paintings when I see them all the time is that they generally have they generally have the number 13 marked into it there&#8217;s generally 13 little marks you if there&#8217;s a whole circle of marks you divide them they&#8217;ll divide out into because the 13 moons we have 13 full moons in a year the Indian people use that as our calendar the 13 full moons we even had a calendar believe it or not the 13 moons on the Turtles back the next time you see a turtle count the little squares on his back there is 13 that is our calendar that was our calendar yes so you know they was we was doing the same thing as a white man different way uh the other thing that was very interesting it was you know like I say you know the the religion part of it is how how when we prayed when actually when it going to come all when when it all comes down we all prayed to the same person up here when we die I I was buried on the top of the ground because of the fact that if I was buried down under the ground my spirit can&#8217;t rise and go up and I need to do that and and uh you know it was until 1894 that the United States government passed the law and said I had to have 5 ft of dirt on my face yeah one of the things that uh the non-indian people I don&#8217;t say I don&#8217;t I don&#8217;t use the term of white man very much I don&#8217;t I I I think it&#8217;s a derogatory term but I I generally say the non-indian and one of the ter the things that the non-indian people did uh get from the Indian people you go to any the cemeteries you&#8217;re always buried so you face the east Indian people were always tried buried so that they could fa they they would face the Rising Sun when I set up my Lodge I would set up my Lodge my openings when I set in the back of my Lodge I would sit there in the morning and I could sit in my Lodge and I could had watched the Rising Sun from the back Lodge so East was a very very important part of of of our of our way uh 13 you know like I say everybody thinks 13 is a great a bad number ah not for us it&#8217;s great no fact is I was in Washington DC a couple of years ago and I was visiting Nick rhof West Virginia and uh when when we were visiting Mr Mr Ray Hall he says uh well you know this might be a bad time for you to have propably to do cuz we was trying he&#8217;s actually put together a bill to try to uh put protection on uh cultural sites historic sites Across the Nation Indian and not Indian but he&#8217;s getting a lot of flak over it because I mean it it it protects a lot of land so but anyway when uh when we was talking to Mr Ray Hall he says well this is my 13th term he says this might be a the beginning of my 13th term he says this might be a bad time I says no this is the most wonderful time for us I said because 13 is our is our good number and like I say when you go around the the paintings you will find them always have 13 in some way or another uh in in the paintings uh some of the paintings I mean you you read them uh you get them get them and as you see on my belt buckle here I have lodges beaded into my belt buckle and the lodge is my home my home is very very sacred my home is my church because uh in in American Indian people we don&#8217;t go build a million dooll building so we got someplace to go on Sunday anytime that I go go out here my feet touch the Earth and I can see the sky I&#8217;m in my church I&#8217;m in my church and and I go there quite often to do this but uh what a lot of times you I like to talk a little bit about the prayer okay I do a prayer something happened in my life I don&#8217;t know maybe a death maybe I&#8217;m not getting along with people or somebody who got hurt that&#8217;s very close to me or something like this I go out to do a prayer and when I go out to do my prayer I go Before Sunrise to where I&#8217;m going to do my prayer I do a prayer twice a year on top of pompy&#8217;s pillar and I go up there I have my little place that I can set I can sit there the entire day people don&#8217;t even know that I&#8217;m there but I go Before Sunrise and I don&#8217;t come come back down off until sunsight at night and when I up there I I pray for what was is is going on happening in my life but I don&#8217;t sit there and pray the entire day I&#8217;m sitting there and I&#8217;m thinking what is the bad things has happening in my life what is what is the way that I can can can fix this uh this more it&#8217;s in our belief is we we need to know who we are within we need to know who we are as long as we know who we are we will do well but the day that we don&#8217;t that we find that we&#8217;ve lost ourselves and we became you know uh maybe we start drinking maybe we start using drugs maybe we do you know we we start doing things but you got to remember who you are and take care of take care of that that person as long as you always know exactly who you are you will do well but when uh I like to talk a little bit about Lewis and Clark now Lewis and Clark entered Crow country right here right here they traveled up Crow country right through here Crow people people were on the Sun River which is west of Great Falls the two Medicine River Crow people were living up there at that time there was Crow people living on the Milk River which is way up here but Lewis and Clark they entered cro country right here traveled up here and out the other side of cro country down at three fors then they returned Lewis made this entire trip back Clark P just drip down to Yellowstone uh there was one of the groups went down to through the Missouri River here again and uh prior made the journey with the horses across over here on these yellow lines so they traveled about 1,700 miles and never spoke to a crow and a lot of people wonder so why did they travel all these miles right through the middle of the crow people they seen signs of the Indians all the way they never met a crow for one reason one reason only mosquitoes these crows they was smart enough that you get back away from the rivers into the hills the high mountains you get away from the mosquitoes and mosquito time they left they left the River Country this was the time when Lewis and Clark was doing all of their things in Crow country and they stayed on the rivers they stayed down in the mosquitoes they got ate up the croww gone what was very interesting at this point right in here where they made the canoes or they made the canoes they camped there 3 days Lou and Clark did or Clark did in his group within 12 miles of where Clark was camped there was a crow Sundance going on at the very same time there was thousands of Indians there it was on the Clarks Fork River as we know it today but then to the to the crow people the Cheyenne the sue the blackbeat this is the river where we all come to dance this meant all of the tribes of Indians come there to the Clarks Forks River they would do Sund dances and they would hunt they would they would take care of their hides their meat and think and get a year supply of meat and then then they would start venturing back home nees Pur I mean there was many many tribes shonne all of the tribes would come there because the Clarks Fork River we didn&#8217;t didn&#8217;t fight on that River when we all came to that River we know that that was a place that you could set down beside your enemy break bread eat hunt together maybe we even got together and we went off and raided somebody&#8217;s horse P horses see we never stole a horse I want you to know that we never ever stole a horse we captured a horse because to capture a horse was a very honorable thing for a crow yes to capture a horse is a very honorable thing when I be when I when I wanted to become a chief I had to do four things to capture a horse from within an enemy&#8217;s Camp was one of the things I had to do within the camp that didn&#8217;t mean that he was running on the hillside out here I stuck into the camp and I cut the the rawad that was holding that horse my friend Mike he&#8217;s a sue over here Mike&#8217;s laying in his lodge he&#8217;s sound asleep but he has that cord tied around his belly cuz he don&#8217;t want to lose his favorite warhorse I sneak into his camp and I steal his horse see but really in Crow I captured that horse because I did a very honorable Brave thing I took his horse while he was hanging on to the end of the light the cord yes and so when when when we got the when Clark came down the river we uh we didn&#8217;t get the first nine that was taken further west of the of the Three Forks it was nine that was taken over there and uh the black feet claim them them nine horses that that was taken I want you to I want you to know these guys had Shon and nesp horses Shon got most of their horses a good share of their horses from the NES Pur because the the NES Pur immediately started breeding horses to get a certain type of a horse they wanted a particular horse the apaloo so they started breeding to get the appolo that&#8217;s what the Appo came from and uh but they were strong horses small horses very very good horses us Crow knew a good horse when we seen one you know and here comes Clark down the Yellowstone River you know he&#8217;s just rambling along and he&#8217;s making maps and he&#8217;s doing all of these good things you know that he&#8217;s supposed to be doing but us Crow are sitting up on the hillside counting horses and you know and one of the things that in all my years of studying the military might protect their encampment but they would put their horses over here on the hillside three miles away to graze you know so they would just very easy to get to so we would just come down and we would relieve him of these horses and uh where uh according to the Diaries uh Clark left his horses approximately one mile from the camp where he was making the canoes uh we found a site that pretty much fits the entire diary as to where the horses was being kept because it uh says that from that position there it was one mile approximately one mile to the river crossing for the where the Indians who took the horses crossed the Yellowstone River and going south in in down into Crow country and uh so we we pretty much believe that we found the spot pretty much where the horses was being held but uh no they was they was nice horses and you know we was good the first time you know we only took half of them you know and do Gunn it he went on down the river you know and they got down near where Billings is today and that&#8217;s where they crossed the river with the last 25 head of horses that they was left we&#8217;d already get took 24 in a CT and when they crossed the river prior traveled about six 7 hours and he was at a place called fly CRI today uh fly Crick is is is a is is starts from a basin this Basin is large like this 200,000 acres in it but it only has one little dry stream that goes out of it to drain it one of these big old Montana Cloud bursts come along and here was Prior he was camped on this little Dry Creek and all of a sudden I mean he has a Roaring River between him and his horses and so he spends a a few hours trying to get his horse her back together but when he went to bed he was tired and he was sleepy so he really went to sleep and he got up in the morning and when he got up in the morning he just didn&#8217;t have any more horses uh one of the crow guys wanted to let him know who got the horses so he left a moccasin and uh so we had we we had a pretty good h of her of of horses but now I&#8217;m going to tell you a story about these horses uh the crow horses the horses that the crow T took from the Clark they were taken so easily there was no danger of any kind in us taking the horses so in our Crow tradition we could not keep I could not I I&#8217;m I&#8217;m the person that took the horses I could not keep the horses I had to give them away as gifts so you know really you know Clark he made a lot of pro Indian people very very very happy because I we gave away 50 horses 49 horses in a CO as gifts because in Crow tradition we were not allowed to keep the horses because there was no risk to our life we could only keep a horse for ourself that we risk our life to get but anyway when uh after after that you know then the crow they just took took off and and took the horses and they went kind of into the Southwest Mike and I been working on a trail that goes into Big Horn Canyon National Park called the bad Pass Trail these horses was headed right for the bad Pass Trail bad Pass Trail is a is an area that when you walk you step over this rock and you stumble over the next and you have next step you have a a rock roll under your foot I mean it&#8217;s a it&#8217;s a it&#8217;s a bad Trail but it&#8217;s a it&#8217;s a trail that&#8217;s probably 10,000 years old and uh very very well marked but and it&#8217;s marked with piles of rock some of the the the the rock piles in badp Pass Trail they are 10 15 ft apart from here to the other end of the camp they may be five or six piles of rock they will be this High probably a ton or two Rock in in this pile but you know what every one of them rocks are every one of them rocks is a prayer as I&#8217;m going down the trail I pick up this Stone I carry this rock it becomes part of me my my sweat gets on this rock I carry this rock for a while and I talk to this rock and then when I get to where the places where the prayer where the prayer piles of rocks are I get up to this pile of rocks and I spit on the Rock I put part of me on my saliva I put the rock in the pile when I put the rock in the pile I say thank you grandfather for the good journey behind me give me a good journey forward and I go on the next Indian person that comes along behind me does exactly the same thing I can take you to piles of Rock down in the crow country that is growing yet today because in our belief we cannot go go past these piles of rock and we we have to stop and do prayer say a prayer Sandy and I one time we was going up into the prior mountains and she was driving along and and uh I said stop we need to stop and do the prayer well let&#8217;s we&#8217;ll do it on the way way back and I you know I said no you got to do it now Sandy and I went up onto the prior mountains we spent the entire tail on the prior mountains had a wonderful day we was coming back down off of the prior mountains that night we got within 300 ft of that that that that rock pile she blew a right front tire just blew the whole side of it out I didn&#8217;t stop and say my prayer on the way up and ask for the good journey yes no we we believe in this very very strongly we do it yet today but uh you know that&#8217;s that&#8217;s why I like to talk you say tell you a little bit about Le and Clark when they came here I mean we had people who were painting the history on the Rocks the paintings that are on the Rocks today that are a thousand years old uh right now I we&#8217;ve got near 400 located on the Yellowstone River and his tributaries uh when you sat there and you you look at these and I don&#8217;t come come up here and say okay I&#8217;m going to paint on the rock 5 minutes I&#8217;m going down the I&#8217;m going down the trail no Takes Me Maybe years to choose my spot because I want absolute perfect light at a certain time of the year things such as this I go up here I abrate the wall Till It&#8217;s Perfectly smooth I take a a black Riverstone almost every abrasive stone that we have found so far is a Black River Stone so they packed this rock a long ways to do their do their paintings but they abrak this wall perfectly smooth and these walls in this one particular spot that has been carbonated 950 to 1,000 years old this Rock today is absolutely perfectly smooth Sandstone they have break this perfectly smooth they would have put a lot of House Painters out of business business if the house painters could figure out how they made the paint because they paint their paintings on the walls the paintings we we think are just something but no that painting is part of me it tells a part of a story it tells it it tells something about my people and uh some of the paintings we one of the paintings that we find it has a circle it has inside of the circle coming to the middle the shape of lodges all the way around in series of 13 there is 13 lodges make to make the circle on the bottom of each Lodge on the outside of the on the outside of the circle there is 13 fringes but the lodge is our home is our church that the lodge means people that&#8217;s where the people live so that that that that particular painting is very sacred to us because it tells us of of of the people okay there&#8217;s another one there and that&#8217;s right beside excuse me but uh there&#8217;s another painting that&#8217;s right there beside of it and uh the painting that&#8217;s right beside there it&#8217;s got what we call a two-headed water monster on it anytime that we find something that has two heads in the paintings it means one thing I actually it means two things actually good and bad good and evil one one head is for good one head is bad and I&#8217;ll tell you a little story uh that the time took time about in the late 1800s uh Chief plenty C had been on a raiding party we went down come down in Nebraska and he got some good Sue horses I mean you know our neighbors always had good horses and Crow always needed more cuz to to to to Crow horses were wealth the more horses I had the wealthier I was because I could always trade horses for anything that I wanted but anyway when plny cluz was returning he uh got back to the Big Horn River the Big Horn River was being flooded man he got to the river and oh man we can&#8217;t get across and we&#8217;re only a day and a half Journey from home good long day we could probably make it it didn&#8217;t know what quite to do to do big shoulder blade big shoulder blade was a very tall man uh at that particular time most inro Crow people were 6 feet and more taller very very very big people not fat just tall thin people but anyway big shoulder blade he was a very big man he was riding a very very large horse and he said well I&#8217;ll go into the river and he says I I&#8217;ll I I&#8217;ll find find the way to get across so he went and chose his place for where where he entered the river when immediately when he got into the river big shoulder blade and his horse was caught by the water and it started washing him down so immediately big shoulder blade he starts singing a chant this chant song it is to the good and the the evil of the water monster he&#8217;s chanting and he&#8217;s praying that the good the good water monster will get a hold of him and the good water monster will take him to the land the bad water monster will take him into the water this is the belief this painting is on the wall thousand years old that story is a thousand years old uh the other pain painting is there is just of a lodge but the painting that&#8217;s in the center the ball in the middle of it is green do you know that in the state of Montana there is only five paintings that have green in them one is over here at Hela along the lake the weather the other four are on the Clarks Fork River the other four are all within probably less than 30 feet distance of part now it&#8217;s it&#8217;s uh uh and so green is was something that was kind of hard but we we feel that that green was for Earth the mother the grasses cuz the land the Earth turns green so that that that&#8217;s part of this part of that particular prayer that big shoulder blade was was talk was singing when uh when uh the crow people would travel like I say they would Mark the trails with the markers and they had this highway system you can go out right around I I can go around here just about any place in the country out here and I can can choose a valley a river and I will find a a trail that is marked along that river valley maybe a ridge uh one of the things about the American Indian people was they were never afraid of anything that I can see I was never afraid of anything that I could see but I was afraid of what I couldn&#8217;t see that was what was bothered me more than anything so when I traveled most of the time I traveled on a High Ridge I Could See For Miles nobody could sneak up on me no that&#8217;s the way and that&#8217;s where I we find most all of the trails and we&#8217;ve followed these Trails crossed Wyoming Montana I have a friend who followed the same particular tra in Colorado and New Mexico no it&#8217;s it&#8217;s a I can get I can I can go out here probably within one day in this area right here and find the trail right here that takes you to Manan you know why the black feet the crow that&#8217;s just shown where Nomads we don&#8217;t stop to plant to grow the Mandan down here in the river they grew the stuff that we want the English the French everybody brought their stuff here the Mandan when they brought it to Mandan all of the tribes come here there is many many trails that come to and down am I getting out of time okay I I I always talk to the last second so you know that&#8217;s that&#8217;s one thing I always tell people you know about crow about Crow history we don&#8217;t we don&#8217;t have short songs we don&#8217;t have short prayers we don&#8217;t have short stories because in our songs they talk about our history in our life our prayers talk about our history in our life our stories talk about our history and our life and as an oral historian I have to tell you in detail as to what&#8217;s going on this is why I&#8217;m talking about something and all of a sudden I&#8217;m over here talking about something else because I have to tell you the details because otherwise you&#8217;re going to get the story messed up you you need you need the details and and and that&#8217;s how an oral historian is taught I&#8217;ve been taught all my life that when I tell a story I have to tell the details but the Lis and Clark Venture was interesting to the American Indian people uh I call it the beginning of the end it was the beginning of my of the of the American Indian way of life see I I I call you a Native American you are Native Americans I am a crow American Indian Columbus gave me the name of an Indian when he came and I&#8217;m proud to be called an Indian I&#8217;m always very proud to be called an Indian because I&#8217;m very very proud of my Heritage and I&#8217;ve studied my Heritage my entire life I just turned 66 years old two days ago and I&#8217;ve got 60 years of history behind me yeah yeah thank you Howard thank you for sharing your history and your culture and your accumulated years of knowledge with us we appreciate that very much here in the ten many voices there are regular programs every hour on the</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-07030502tmb/">Howard Boas on Crow History and Lewis &#038; Clark</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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		<title>Steve McCracken on Trade Beads and the Lewis and Clark Expedition</title>
		<link>https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-06040507/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:36:07 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://research.lewisandclarktrust.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-06040507/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>A recording from the Tent of Many Voices collection.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-06040507/">Steve McCracken on Trade Beads and the Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>for well good afternoon everyone and welcome to the tent of mini voices T many voices is part of the core of Discovery 2 traveling Lewis and Clark exhibit this exhibit has been on the road since 2003 started at monello Thomas Jefferson&#8217;s home it&#8217;s been traveling along the Lis and Clark Trail and we traveling through 2006 through the return journey and what we do is at each venue at each stop along the way is when we set up our tenam mini voices we bring in a wide variety of presenters speakers to give us a little taste of the history and the culture of the L and Clark expedition and what we&#8217;re going to hear about this afternoon is something that&#8217;s often overlooked on the L and Clark expedition we&#8217;re going to talk about the some of the importance of trade beads we&#8217;re going to hear from Steve McCracken about the whistling Hawks trade bead collection Steve mcra McCracken has been described as a modernday mountain man his hobbies and interests led to his business whistling Hawks in 1989 whistling Hawks is the trade name given given to him by a black feet Onida Indian while on a Vision Quest Steve is an accomplished silver smith as well as a trade bead expert he&#8217;s been working and researching uh working on and researching trade bead since 1989 he draws on many different references and research to formulate dates names and history of old trade beads the word bead is derived from the Old English word Badu meaning prayer and Steve has requested that his collection is not to be photographed so we would certainly appreciate your cooperation and please give a warm tenam many voices welcome to Steve McCracken in his whistling Hawks trade bead collection thank you I&#8217;m going to start out today with just a short introductory history to the beads and then uh proceed into the beads of Lewis and Clark when we look here I we&#8217;ve put a list together and before Christ in uh wrong one in in 10,000 45 and to 720 glass beads were made in China because the reason I pointing that out as Le and Clark had beads from China and from Venice and then in 300 to 400 uh ad the Roman Empire had a vast Market of uh industry in in the trade be error then in 585 benice founded by the Lum Lombards then the records indicate window glass was ordered from Venice glass beads believed to have been made in Bohemia then the German Peddlers were prohibited from carrying more than 10 layers worth of glass rods for making glass beads uh the glass furnaces in Venice were ordered to be moved to the island of Morano and that was just off the city of benis because they were afraid that if the factories started on fire that they would burn down the whole city then as we proceed there were strict rules enacted about taking information from outside Venice and they they enacted the death penalty was imposed in 1526 the first leak of glass secrets from Venice were went went to factories in Paris the process of the wound lamp work beads was invented in benice in 1528 in 1731 the W bead process consumed 800 lb of oil daily in benice in 1740 the Bohemians export export set up permanent warehouses in All Imports and Inland cities of Europe and then in the 17 uh 64 and 46 they produced more than 2,228 th000 lbs of beads that was before the 1800s all this was done so as we start back in the history of beads the earliest beads would have been the fossilized bone here this bone bead here is fossilized this is Ivory and shell these were some of the earliest beads known to man The Quill work which is well known in our areas by the Native American culture in that here&#8217;s shells that were found on the Columbia River uh they were found with several other artifacts this comb and and the bone beat or bone pick there is fossilized we talked about the Roman Empire there for a minute this here the reason I&#8217;m showing you this is because you see the blue glass here and the ibeads they the blue glass was really common and they they had it before Christ I don&#8217;t know where my speakers are okay uh these are Islamic and these were folded over but these were wound so even before Christ they knew how to make the wound beads this bead here here is from China it&#8217;s a molded faceted bead this was done before Christ This is a Waring States type bead it&#8217;s the I the I beads were were made for to ward off evil looking at you so the people in all different cultures wore ibeads from before Christ and after Christ and uh so you&#8217;re going to see these the ibeads in a lot of different collections here that were made in Venice and all over Europe along along with being made in China and they had the ability to make these molded beads before Christ and I have that bead in my collection these beads here are from a Afghanistan that&#8217;s jet that&#8217;s coal and that&#8217;s fiance those were all made in Europe too there the first beads that were being made were the Bubble Glass so you see the the gentleman here he&#8217;s making the bubble he&#8217;s making a a large bubble and they would they would stretch that out and then make many bubble beads from that piece of glass here he&#8217;s they took the rods home and they&#8217;re making glass bubble beads right there at the kitchen table here&#8217;s a bet the Bellows underneath the table this lady&#8217;s over here she&#8217;s measuring the beads they use oil lamps like this plus there&#8217;s their old measuring tool here&#8217;s your bubble glass beads which are very rare and hard to find because they were so thin that they broke and uh we we just don&#8217;t find many of them out in the world today the next beads that were made were the cane beads and your Russian faceted beads the molded ones they were pulled through a mold and then they were hand faceted here&#8217;s Bubble Glass that&#8217;s faceted with the Russian faceted there&#8217;s some that&#8217;s not as you see here the the blue is a dominant color here&#8217;s samples of Russian faceted beads in different colors they uh they Ed several different things to make the the color of these beads green took copper and the blue took cobalt blue and the red beads uh they took gold to make as they mixed with the silica here&#8217;s your deep cobalt blue that&#8217;s most sought after this is the oldest strand of faceted beads I have as you can see here they&#8217;re not fasted very much this strand also White Russians and red this bead here was a noev cadz bead Columbus actually brought those with him when he came and they were used in the ships as bases so when Columbus and actually I have books that date back to Captain Cook when Captain Cook came they brought beads with him too and they were in barrels that were used as Banes in the ships so as they at ate their food and and supplies they could move the barrels of beads around and balance the ship out so that&#8217;s why they came with Columbus and and all the early explorers the next bead that was made real common is the cane bead the seven layer Chevron then they made the sixth layer and then on the far right you see the four layer Chevron the reason they started they started out with the the seven layer was because that was what the venetians learned to make in the 1500s and that was the hardest bead to make because each process they had to pull that cane of glass through a mold then on the six layers were easier to make and the four layers got made the process faster because as the years went on the demand for the beads was more and more here&#8217;s some pictures of of them working in the old factories in Venice uh they work very close to the furnaces the fires were large it took a lot of wood so they used the podach from the wood to to help make the beads so they didn&#8217;t have to mine potash when they were making beads in Venice because they used wood in the furnaces I was telling you about the Bubble Glass and then they went on to making the cane re the way they made the cane as you can see on the far right the young man joining his Rod to the other man with the bubble then they run in opposite directions and they with with the glass being hot and it would stretch up to sometimes up to 300 feet long then they would take it and the guy would break it into bundles 3 or 4T long and then they would take it back in the process and pull it through the mold cuz to make the Chevron it has the 12 teeth on it right there to make that pattern they had to pull it through the mold each time and as you look at a Chevron when you look up close here The Collection you&#8217;ll be able to see that each time when they pulled that bead through the mold before they broke those canes to make the individual beads the top one here is the Russian faceted there&#8217;s the noev cadz these are all cane beads and then some of these were tumbled and feted you&#8217;ll see here this is a picture out of Germany they&#8217;re actually being pedal and water was dripping down here in his bucket onto that stone he&#8217;s fast hand fasting beads these are two other styles of the same thing but these were these were set at and pedal with their feet the fastet the beads in the early days here&#8217;s a closeup of the Russian facet and and the star pattern I&#8217;m talking about here the blue gleen glass is the rarest on the on the center of them and this one here actually has nine layers in it if you look close to it here&#8217;s a red layer uh seven layer Chevron uh the red core is is not common mostly it was Green Glass like this one here the other thing you can see here is they made mistakes even though they were Master artists what they did they still ended up with bubbles in the glass these are smaller uh collection there of uh smaller Chevrons and you can see the different patterns and then when they ground the sides down how you can see the edge of the the different colors laying underneath here&#8217;s this shows you real good we call this a a Chevron salami because they cut it at an angle so you can see each layer was pulled through the mold there and the last layer was not then it would have been this like this is a cane a piece of cane out of a Venice Warehouse they found them in the corner they had uh bundles of canes in in warehouses over there in Venice and they broke them up into about 6 in long and uh shipped them out and sold them all over the world but the red Chevron is very rare and hard to come by so so is the green there&#8217;s a green Chev seven layer Chevron with the blue Center there&#8217;s a large seven layer and other other examples there this one here is broken so you can see inside different patterns that it&#8217;s not just done on the outside edge of the bead it&#8217;s the full length of the bead and a lot of people think that these beads were painted on none of these beads are painted on they&#8217;re all solid glass and this one here you can see where there&#8217;s a crease in that bead that bead was still hot when they laid a rod across it and put that crease in it in the 1500s and they went to the six layer of Chevron there&#8217;s a good example of that and the four layer here this one was probably a five layer Chevron but the women like the red on the outside of the bead so they would grind the beads down so the red would show so we call this a woman Chevron the Yellow Jacket five layer Chevron and the black Chevron there these are really rare to come by now and we get to the the beads of Lewis and Clark and that&#8217;s that&#8217;s a real uh subject that a lot of people argue about because we have a hard time proving the exact history and science of the beads that they had with them and this list we put together here me and a few of my historical friends here you&#8217;ve got white WAM and the 5 lbs of glass beads mostly small uh 20 lbs of red glass beads assorted 5 lbs of yellow or orange beads assorted two cards of beads three lbs of beads 73 Bunches of beads 8 and2 lbs of red beads this whole list mostly talks about different color of beads and when Lewis took off on the trip he knew that the blue bead was the most valued and sought after bead for the Native Americans when he when he left before he left but yet he ordered this list of beads so that&#8217;s why uh and these were actually Indian presence people are really misund understand that these were bought to be Indian presents they were to be given to the Native Americans these would have been beads that would could have been with Louis and Clark we talked about orange and yellow your Reds the blues these are cane beads then uh we&#8217;ll move on to some of these are wound beads in here that&#8217;s the next process the wound bead they work real close to the furnace right there and and grabbed the glass and pulled it out and wound it around a rod these beads right here Lewis requested in the letters of Donald Jackson&#8217;s he requested the cheap blue beads from China paying less than 13d in Europe for them so Lewis actually requested these beads from China when you look into the documentation of the letters of Lewis and Clark it shows that he asked for those beads from China and they&#8217;re all wound this one here I&#8217;m showing you the wound process up close where you can see it the wound pattern in it those beads were all made one at a time they weren&#8217;t made like the cane beads the wound beads were made one at a time here we&#8217;re showing the Bellows the the furnace right there in front of them the vent up above and guess who sitting around the table working at night do making the beads it&#8217;s the women here we have a mixture of wound beads with uh a few cane beads in it so you can tell the P beads are cut off straight and then some of them they would take back and put dots in them these yellow Arts here were wound they were made in the 1600s also these are I beads that we&#8217;re referencing to there with uh the Roman Empire beads the the ibeads have lasted since the beginning of time here&#8217;s a sample of more ibeads of rare colors that are hard to come by these were all made one at a time also this Str here is the best strand I&#8217;ve ever had in 15 years and it has blue and pink dots on the white eyes that&#8217;s the rarest strand I&#8217;ve had of the ibeads and then you have the red I bead and and these names are the original names that were brought with the beads when they were shipped over here because the Crow Nation down where I live in in Montana they call the I beads Crow Beads no matter if they&#8217;re black red or white or they call them Crow beads and that&#8217;s that&#8217;s not Soul uh the these are actually ibeads and I&#8217;ll show you CR beads here as we proceed these are Medicine Man ibeads and here&#8217;s your black ibeads this strand here I tell everyone this was a a beginning artist because when when he started making the ibeads he wasn&#8217;t sure if they were to be black or white and what color dots were supposed to be on them but when we really look at the master artwork that those people did in Europe they really had a fine art and they knew what they were doing we talked about making the cane beads and how they cut them the old way was to break them off like that on an edge or they made like a paper cutting device and then we talk about the the the round beads and the pony beads they were hot pinched beads they were the the pony beads were the size of about an apple seed and that that that size is what LS and Clark would have had with them them but they&#8217;re hot pinched beads so they would have been that Rod would have been hot and they would have pinched them off and you&#8217;ll see up close here that what I&#8217;m talking about when I the hot pinched beads here&#8217;s a fine example of these are two wound beads that should have been done individually and they stuck together and then here&#8217;s two other examples of where the beads had dirt in them and popped out these are good beads except they were made that way originally and that one there to be formed here&#8217;s a closeup of the cobalt blue bead that I feel is the chief bead even though there&#8217;s other opinions out there that I&#8217;ll talk about here and the sky blue Padre which is the most common and then they made white ones too also there in China you look here now and we can do it real nice with this machine because these were made in Venice and they actually have bigger holes than the ones from China and they&#8217;re more uniform there this strand here is bodmer blue they would not have had that with them because bodmer that blue didn&#8217;t come out until he was out here painting In 1832 me we can go back I want see look at those there from China how they&#8217;re they&#8217;re strung and then look at the Venetian ones that shows you a good example of the difference in the product then we talked about the way that they measured the beads was in fathoms these two strands I actually have laying down here on the table and and a fathom was 6 ft when Louis and Clark started out I&#8217;m sure that the the big guy on the on the trip he would give them six feet of beads because they were giv them to him by the fathom but as we all know by the end of the trip his six his fathom of beads probably was getting a little short because the beads that he had the red ones and the yellow ones and all that color they didn&#8217;t do him any good out there in on the west coast because they were already getting these blue beads here were coming down from Alaska through Canada and and the natives on the west coast already had the cobalt blue beads and that&#8217;s what they they actually sought were after here&#8217;s the wound bead the doughnut here&#8217;s uh the Doan are the large ones and these are Padres here there&#8217;s your wound bead there then we talk about mock garnets and when they were made and who they were made by in the 1800 exactly 1800s the Bohemians started making molded beads and that&#8217;s this one here is a fine example to show you how that glass was poured in there and it feathered out in the mold these are ducks blood and these are doans and the yellow wouldn&#8217;t have been until after 1800s normally this strand here is Dutch donuts and you can see how they&#8217;re wound F they were wound fast the reason I kept this strand is because that&#8217;s actually seaweed graded together so that strand actually came from Venice over here and was left on that you can see it down here also this is what happens to beads that are dug up is the soil eats at them and uh as we all know in the archaeological world and that we don&#8217;t dig up any areas uh they&#8217;ve they&#8217;ve dug up beads overseas and that and that&#8217;s okay but not here in the United States because we don&#8217;t dig up the graves in that actually some of these beads were traded in Africa the same exact beads that were traded here and in Africa they measured their wealth by how many beads they had and instead of burying their beads with their dead they may have buried their beads because it was it was their wealth it was their livelihood and that&#8217;s why we we get a lot of beads that were traded in the fur trade over here are being found in Africa and other other countries you know and Alaska also they&#8217;re still being traded in Alaska today these are common beads that would have been with Lewis and Clark the cobalt blue right there with that $7 million collection that&#8217;s coming out of St Louis we&#8217;re calling those the chief beads those would have been like gold to the Native Americans these white beads right here the pony beads would have been like silver and the greatest thing in between the white bead and the blue bead was tobacco those were the three biggest things that they wanted on the from the the white people the Native Americans wanted the the blue beads and the white beads in tobacco Here&#8217;s Your Greens that would have been common then there&#8217;s your greasy yellows like I say a lot of the yellows weren&#8217;t made until after the 1800s so they could have had these these with them and you got white beads in there one of the biggest things about the old beads also is you&#8217;ll see strands down here that are on string they that&#8217;s they were on cotton string that&#8217;s what they were shipped over on and some of them that are restrung on elant grass some of them came out of Africa some of them actually came from Europe on grass then we get into the wound beads with the trail designs and these here were done one at a time these these are French cross and we call these Trail beads this is a bumblebee that&#8217;s because it it represents the body of the Bumblebee this is a snake bead that&#8217;s found on many of the invoices and people are wondering what the snake bead is and it&#8217;s actually that trail bead right there because if you put a bunch of those together it actually looks like a snake skin I&#8217;ve had a lot of historians come to me and and ask me what&#8217;s the snake bead on those invoid es and they&#8217;re looking back on the invoices from the 1800s forwards and that&#8217;s what they&#8217;re looking looking at that&#8217;s the bead they&#8217;re looking for and I have a strand down here with some on it after the during the trail beads they made the feather designs here&#8217;s your Red Feather which is very common these are not there&#8217;s black feather beads and cobalt blue here&#8217;s showing you the different bead artists the earlier ones actually made finer lines this one here is a worn out bead and these show thicker lines on them they actually made the swirl bead at the same time they all date to the 1700s these are French Ambassador beads there&#8217;s a lot of people like to come up with names for different beads and why did they name it that was it named after a French Ambassador or not we have no written proof that that was true no documentation this one here when you hold the light up to it you can see that it&#8217;s green on the inside instead of black like the other one here&#8217;s another ibad Trail bead designed mixed together cobalt blue and these are fancy lampor beads these we call Cal Lupe uh like the Hudson Bay white hearts and florals we kind of categorized several different beads in that same area because of the White Center and the yellow Center these are Trail beads and these are Dutch dels and it&#8217;s because of the the blue and the white that it&#8217;s called a Del but these were all done in Venice we talk about skunk beads this is the true actual skunk bead and they were made cobalt blue and black and you can see the skunk tail right there these are actually called skunk tail beads in the beginning some of them were done fancier than others and some of them were plainer and you&#8217;ll see examples of these down here also the L and Clark bead that is a big controversy uh is story and friends of mine we we&#8217;ve tossed this around back and forth and Peter Francis who&#8217;s gone now uh him and me had several emails back and forth and talked about the loose and Clark bead and just like all the beads that I&#8217;ve showed you before here they were made in the 1700s that LS and Clark bead was started being made in the 1740s and and were quit being made in the 1850s and if you look at this one here you can see there&#8217;s mostly white on that band that goes around it that would be the earliest one and then as they went along they got better with their designs but that Twisted cane became a candy cane in the Louis and Clark bead and that one there would have been closer to 1850s these are fancier Lewis and Clarks because they&#8217;ve got the different color in the in the white and that but we cannot prove there is documentation from Wyoming but I would not use that as documentation for the truth because all the archaeological digs and that we can&#8217;t prove that LS and Clark had these beads with them French Ambassador bead there it&#8217;s a large bead with a nice design or French yeah this is French Ambassador the other one was arabes I made a mistake there uh these are kind of similar to the Le and art then here&#8217;s your fancier ey beads elongated beads then we got the gold Florine beads that&#8217;s what these are called and these are similar to the Lewis and Clark but what this is is this is brass inlaid or sometimes copper and that was inlaid in the bead while it was hot and there&#8217;s different sizes and shapes of those beads also then we talk about the raised florals these were done actually in the 1700s some with the white Hearts some not uh the earlier beads that I showed you with the trails on them they were raised little rods of raised glass like you see here and they were paddled into the bead these were not and that&#8217;s why they&#8217;re called raised floral beads fancy raised floral and these tend to be the more expensive ones then we talked about the the molded beads these are the type of molds they would have used they&#8217;re just like the gun mold the for molden bullets they could do four at a time or six at a time sometimes one at a time uh they were just as hard to make as as the wound beads and that because they still had to heat the glass to C certain temperature and pour it into the mold and plus have a rod in the for the holes we talk about the mock garnets that they had with them the Bohemians started making these pressed beads in 1800s and right here would have been your mock garnet they&#8217;re about the size of the pony beads There&#8217;s real garnets there and that&#8217;s the mock garnets here that I have enlarged there these were done one at a time and when you look at them down here you&#8217;ll actually see that the color of them is like a mock Garnet the red white heart though has several different colors so that shows you the variation in those also we talked about the Press beads these are corn barley corn beads these were pressed Lewis and Clark had them with them and these are Crow beads there&#8217;s more press beads these are podr uh you can see the the lines in them the molds these were pressed uh faceted beads these are actually cumba beads for the African trade you can see the seam though in those easier and you can see in that picture here&#8217;s your melon beads that are pressed here&#8217;s your Manhattan Bead that bead has been said that that uh uh a gentleman bought Manhattan with $27 worth of beads that&#8217;s a bead they&#8217;re referring to but there&#8217;s no truth to that story here&#8217;s a pend piece there that is actually made out of slate and that piece was found in North Dakota and that&#8217;s the exact shape of the glass beads that the Mandan Indians were making when Lis and Clark wintered with them over over in North Dakota they were taking the blue beads and smashing them up and making them into a pendant just like that so that that dates back before the the glass beads ever got here this is an iroy bag it has the Russian facet beads here with the pony beads here&#8217;s some Hudson Bay crosses uh with pressed beads with the the signatures on these and some of these have the Hudson Bay symbol on them they were made in Canada they were in a museum there and they were sold out of museum uh some of these were done by Richard Chuck shank I actually have one on that was made by him here&#8217;s your Hudson Bay Metals a big brooch that has uh several hearts cut out of it another brooch from that time period that would have been Indian gifts the the the big item that I told you about between between the the the blue and the white beads is the tobacco and this this is a snuff box made out of buffalo horn and that dates back to the 1800s this pipe case here is out of wood the the man would have carried their pipes in a case like that so they wouldn&#8217;t end up broken like this long one here uh this one actually dates back to 1775 in Civil War time as the pipe got plugged up with uh uh our favorite nicotine they would break the end of the pipe off and make it smaller in the pubs they would start out with a long pipe like that and they would come in and and grab the pipe and use it over and over and they&#8217;d break it off as it filled up with nicotine here&#8217;s my list of references start out with the voyage to Paradise exploring in the wake of Captain Cook beads of Lewis and or before Lewis and Clark 16th century glass beads the letters of Lis and Clark expedition by Don Jackson world of shipwrecks a bead Premiere a history of beads all these combined is what I come up that we use to come up with this presentation this here is actually a buffalo bone knife and that was uh a kids toy now here we go with blue beads the blue pony beads what if Lewis had more of them Indian presence became the clothing for the core of of Discovery to survive and they were not given as gifts like I said some Native Americans rep these beads represented the spirit world and when the classics proved great hegers and trade when why did the captains take that as an insult tobacco and blue beads they do prefer to everything December 20th 1805 Lewis wrote I Bartered my Al skins old irons and two canoes for beads one of the canoes for which they had given us but little had I cut up for fuel April 20th 1806 so on the way back they knew the blue beads were so valuable that they actually traded canoes and got blue beads back from the Indians to trade on their way home and as we end here uh everything we need to survive is out there on the Prairie will we ever understand what&#8217;s there and we are products of the fur trade whether people want to admit it or not we are products of the fur trade and always remember that the ground is an open book to those who can read the writing and understand it and that&#8217;s all I have for now for my presentation up here but I&#8217;ve brought beads along here and I&#8217;ll field questions for any of you and you&#8217;re welcome to touch these beads and that but like I asked at the beginning you don&#8217;t take pictures other than the park personnel because I&#8217;m actually being paid by the park service okay so is there any questions if you have any questions please raise your hand I&#8217;ll bring the microphone around to you so everybody can hear your question we&#8217;ll be up here and you can handle the beads and ask questions up here also if you want any questions all right well let&#8217;s give Steve e</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-06040507/">Steve McCracken on Trade Beads and the Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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		<title>Keith Bear on Native American Hospitality and the Lewis &#038; Clark Expedition</title>
		<link>https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-01170304t/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:36:07 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://research.lewisandclarktrust.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-01170304t/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>A recording from the Tent of Many Voices collection.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-01170304t/">Keith Bear on Native American Hospitality and the Lewis &#038; Clark Expedition</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>they&#8217;re gone and we&#8217;re covered still standing there and that&#8217;s what I had in my hand so I took my saw I cut that fence post in half and I looked inside I need a solid piece of wood as we need a solid heart in all of us and I took my tools and I carved between those nail holes and I placed those two pieces back together and I shaped it and I started thinking this is much like our elders cuz when they got old they throw them away they put them away today in homes and different things in our way we take our elders into our homes and we keep them there to help with the children as the mother and father work how many of you grandfathers and grandmothers have talked to your grandchildren and tell them about the life here in America when you were young told them about the time of Lewis and Clark told them about the time of the pilgrims because it was my people the Native Americans as were called who greeted those first pilgrims with our Hands Held High and they did not understand us they took their sticks of fire and thunder and they scared us away and we watch from the rocks and the Trees of that first year as they walked over the food and the medicine that could give them strength and heal them we listened to them as they cried through the winter and their children died we saw them lay the bodies in the snow we thought if we can just be their friends but they saw something someone who is different they saw someone who spoke differently they saw someone different and so we watched from trees and in the spring as they buried their dead once again it was our children who went forward and it was a young woman who came out and said my name is Pocahontas and she greeted those men Pocahontas was not the little girl you see the young woman you see on the movie and Captain Smith was not that handsome young man you cannot always believe what was written but we believe what we have been told because our words have been true and passed down she was a little girl and he was an old man and they had respect for one another and today that little boat never sank today that little boat flies through the air today that boat is made of iron steel sometimes that little boat is an Ender tube coming here and it&#8217;s you the new Native Americans who must greet them from chesa Bosnia from the Middle East now from China it&#8217;s up to you to greet them to show them the way of this land to share with them the things that we have always shared with one another we had popcorn before oral Redenbacher ever got here and we like to share that thing this thing called food and this thing called medicine called friendship because as long as we look inside and we see what&#8217;s familiar does not matter what you look like on the outside but we learn from our elders how to be and what are you teaching your children are you teaching your children how to point a finger and see what&#8217;s different or are you teaching your children to open a hand and to feel what&#8217;s the same cuz you know hunger and you know death you know laughter and you know pain but we all need each other to be a Native American is an honor people are dying to come here to be what you have so their children can have what you were given and these things were shared by the people who lived here we call ourselves n the people we call ourselves in the southwest Denay the people we call ourselves a part of this land we have always welcomed those from different places cuz you have new songs and you have new things and it&#8217;s the Warriors those who have gone out in respect and honor as I stand here in a warrior shirt I have done things humbly for my friends and my relatives they have given me the right to stand here under this feather dressed as I am named as I am cuz as you hear these stories and you hear these words you&#8217;ve heard them before I&#8217;m just a new way to see them but if you feel these words you will feel your grandmothers and your grandfathers and if you listen to this song maybe you will find that Warrior Spirit within you also and this song is for us as Native Americans oh d at home I live in a place called dragswolf Village and dragswolf Village is built in a place where my grandmother my mother&#8217;s mother lived I wrote horseback over those Hills and I dug turnup in those Hills and I picked mint down by the river to make tea my grandmother sang good songs and had a beautiful garden and she told me that someday when I was a man I might be able to find a good woman and I&#8217;ve been fortunate but like I said I had to make sure that we weren&#8217;t related because my father is a Dakota soue from Montana but he has relatives is on Standing Rock my wife is from cheyen River on the Standing Rock reservation so I had to talk to her mother and her uncles are you related to and do you know so and so well how about this one do you know that one and we&#8217;re not related so I have a very beautiful wife and she is who I think about when I travel down the road and so as I come home from Journeys long Journeys short Journeys I sing songs she is one of those songs in my heart and so I made this song for my wife her name is nap it&#8217;s goodand woman she&#8217;s one of the best quill workers porcupine quill workers in this country she was asked to reproduce some of the things that you will see there in monello legance of the man and moccasins of the man and I&#8217;m very honored that she has given me a good life very honored that I can find this song that she put there and share it with you today and so This song is called when I come home H I&#8217;m coming home High H when I get there I hope that you be waiting for me honey wa oh when I get home we&#8217;ll be singing we&#8217;ll be dancing we&#8217;ll make love all night long when I get home we&#8217;ll be singing night long wa don&#8217;t you know that I love you I good hand woman don&#8217;t you know that I love you I do this flute was given to me by a gentleman who writes a magazine and I was very humbled and I took it as a challenge because I have a hard time playing one flute and this is three but it&#8217;s a lot like us as human beings cuz like myself I like to talk and we all have a friend who likes to talk and that&#8217;s what this one does we have a friend or somebody who always just nods our head and takes us in stride they&#8217;re just one monotone thing there then we have somebody who&#8217;s always kind of like oh yeah oh yeah oh you know they kind of make one or two noises and whether we like it or not they&#8217;ll agree with us and that&#8217;s what friends are about and that&#8217;s what this country is about that&#8217;s what this whole Lewis and Clark Journey was about cuz when those men came up the river we never expected them like tourists some of them were lost following the first tourist he was lost you remember that guy Columbus he was looking for another place where they have elephants didn&#8217;t stop and ask directions and he said look what I found when we landed in the airplane on Monday look what I found Richmond ho yeah you guys are going to have to move I&#8217;m going to bring my relatives out here but you know when we learn those men had men with them who were half black and half white they had one who was all black they had some who were half black and half Indian and half Indian and half white and we thought they were all Half Crazy coming up that River and we spent the winter with us and they took out their sticks and they rubbed them together and made the dogs cry and made them jump around too and they said it was dancing didn&#8217;t look like much dancing but then That&#8217;s How rock and roll is too is it doesn&#8217;t look like much it doesn&#8217;t sound like much and I&#8217;m makes me cry but that&#8217;s what they said about the Beatles and Alvis Presley too wasn&#8217;t it see music comes from the heart and those young men they gave their hearts to Lewis and Clark men that they trusted Warriors trusted by our leader of our country who was your country then coming into our country and we welcomed them with our hands open and they slept with us and they ate with us and we gave them food and medicine and directions cuz they asked so they went there on a great journey when they came back our young sister a girl that we had stolen not to make her a slave but to make her our keep our blood clean and that girl with Saga she lived in the lodge of Chief Bullseye and Bullseye is a clan relative of mine so I have that small claim to her as a relative to kaguya and so like those men and that woman when they came back they talked about things we had never seen she said in the Summer She said I walked through the hills and there was snow there I said oh yeah she said I came to a river with no other side really she said I even walked inside a fish the first fish story we ever heard must have come from one of them white guys you know but she saw mountains and she she saw an ocean and she walked inside of a whale and she came home and told us these things and they took her back here to the East and then she came home again she said there were lodges with lodges on top and they had stars on the walls to give them light we said boy those people must have some strange medicine she said she saw Lodgers Moving On Wheels we thought she was crazy but she was was very respectful and she worked in harmony with those men and that&#8217;s what we have to do we have to believe in our leaders we have to believe in those that we choose we have to give our children the strength and the confidence to go out there and to face the unknown because the unknown is out there now sometimes it&#8217;s just around the corner what do you know about your neighbors what do you know about your own families I can trace my family eight greates back and I know who I am I can show you where we lived and where we died your people came from across the water what did they do over there what did they eat over there and why did they come here are you thankful because it&#8217;s up to you now to greet those who are lost and hurt looking for a new home and when they come here we as the new Native Americans must greet them and teach them how to live in harmony with the Earth with the land the sky and the water cuz if we don&#8217;t respect these things how can we feed our children we must learn how to live in harmony and so this last song I want to give you is what I call Walking In Harmony and I want to say ma thank you very much for being here taking time out of your life to come here and to share what was shared in this country 200 years ago a dream and I hope that when you leave here you will be a part of my reflection the Northern Lights cuz the words that I have given you are only reflection of my family my clan My Tribe next week when I stand in Switzerland I will be representing you and so I hope that I do a good job and I hope that we can learn how to live and walk in harmony w ch e Mr Keith bear thank you so much and now we do have a core of engineers lower Connecticut River Basin office at Tully Lake in royalston he is the Lewis and Clark Vice Centennial coordinator for New England also now we wish to take you back the time is October 20th 1803 earlier this year the size of the territory of the United States doubled with the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon Ohio has just become the 17th state Thomas Jefferson of Virginia has been president for 2 and 1/2 years he and many of the 5 million Americans who are are burning with curiosity as to what wonders lie west of the Mississippi River you have come to hear a representative of the US Army who is recruiting men for an important but Dangerous Mission into these new lands Abner Davis first Infantry Regiment will explain the qualifications and some of the plans for the core of volunteers of the Northwestern Discovery please welcome from casasia in the Indiana territory private Abner Davis well thank you everyone ladies and gentlemen I have here a broadside in my papers which I thought I had pulled out earlier I don&#8217;t see it now so we&#8217;ll have to go by memory here it is now seeking young men seeking Adventure must be strong and healthy for arduous Expedition the United States Army is looking for young men of good character exceptional fortitude and possessing a variety of useful skills to accompany captain M Lewis us infantry on a voyage of Discovery to find the Northwest Passage between the Missouri River and the Oregon Country get to some of the other skills and qualifications later but how many out there are interested perhaps in joining the Army to to join this core of Discovery is there any potential volunteers very good a few of you oh wait I&#8217;ve already joined you have you&#8217;re wearing a funny uniform sir I I think I need another division another division uh I&#8217;ll have to get back with you okay of those of you who are interested are any of you gentlemen&#8217;s sons are you gentlemen Sons sir no sir I&#8217;m back here are you a gentleman&#8217;s son I I there&#8217;s a no okay does anybody hear a gentleman&#8217;s son sorry you&#8217;re not qualified we could have used you as an interpreter too the the the captain has instructed that no gentleman&#8217;s Sons would be allowed along because they&#8217;re not used to labor hard labor so we will leave them behind in Virginia uh let me think now what other qualifications would there be we would seeking exceptional fortitude hard labor I bet you&#8217;re wondering what the renumeration will be is this true back there yes usually that&#8217;s one of the first questions what&#8217;s the pay well as a private such as I you earn the princely sum of $5 a month the sergeant he gets $15 a month a Corporal 10 but we lowly privates get $5 a month however Captain Lewis has indicated that there will be double pay for those successfully completing this Mission when they return so double pay also you get a clothing allowance you get a uniform just like mine one one uniform for every year you&#8217;re enlisted in the service so when you&#8217;re in for four years you have four sets of clothes or you have the remains of four sets of clothes because they wear out in that time but you get clothing also of course food board get whatever you can shoot and uh you get to sleep in a tent or in more uh what would be the word better better quarters during the winter than a tent all right let&#8217;s see uh I have here in my in my notes some of the captain&#8217;s other qualifications and rumary oh I forgot one of the most important parts of the renumeration of course should you die in service your next to Kin will be notified and you&#8217;ll get a proper funeral I&#8217;m sure that&#8217;ll make everyone happy on the best part besides the funeral of course is the president has indicated to Captain Lewis that the those who volunteer and complete this Mission should receive a land grant that will be equal to the land grant of the volunteers from the late War so that will be in the new territories that&#8217;s a very good inducement to come in I W get back to qualifications here uh the captains have indicated they want to reject the weak ignorant and unmanageable for the strong the skillful and eager volunteers back here are you still an eager volunteer who are the volunteers back there this this seems to be a bright sun coming through over here changed your mind for $5 a month but it&#8217;s double pay sir you&#8217;ll get 10 if she should live yes there can you come up please right what&#8217;s your name Edward Edward you say you&#8217;re not a gentleman&#8217;s son you&#8217;re still eager to go on this Expedition very good um let&#8217;s see do you have any special skills well are you a good Hunter kind of you&#8217;re either good or you&#8217;re kind kind of how about good Woodsman not sure throw hatch what&#8217;s that you can throw a hatchet you can throw a hatchet you&#8217;re good with the tomahawk perhaps you&#8217;re that was an indication that you&#8217;d be a good Hunter good Woodsman we might sign you up how old are you 11 that&#8217;s you&#8217;re supposed to lie when you want to get into the army so w you might be a little bit young but we&#8217;ll see what we can do let&#8217;s see so what part of being a recruit do you like the best do you have any other special skills can I know can you write that&#8217;s a special skill you can write this is why would we want to be able to write most men in the Army aren&#8217;t very good at writing make a a log you mean those things that you&#8217;re using your Tomah Haw on to chop up oh oh a journal yes yes so you can you can write a journal in fact as probably everybody in here knows the it it&#8217;s supposed to be a secret mission but I found in this town everybody already knows about this secret mission the president has instructed that a journal a log as you say of what they find on this core of Discovery should be kept so you can help do that all right do you know anybody else back there who&#8217;s maybe shy who wants to be a recruit all right well well thank you for coming up any other special skills out there that might be useful for this Expedition you sir look like you might be an Outdoorsman do you have any other skills you can make things out of wood iron make knives do you possess blacksmith skills by chance now that is a valuable skill blacksmith so we we would need blacksmith on this Expedition uh any Carpenters out there no Carpenters any lawyers that&#8217;s that&#8217;s good we don&#8217;t need any of those yes see I knew somehow I knew that when you said you could make things if we were a little more specific we&#8217;d find out so we need we need uh artificers or blacksmiths we need Carpenters uh any fishermen out there we need we probably need a good fisherman yes I knew there was somebody else back there just dying to enlist in this Expedition uh let me think now so any other skills anybody can think of another skill we&#8217;ll need for this Expedition we can&#8217;t expect every man to do everything so we&#8217;re going to have to PE find people with special qualifications to join the Expedition what&#8217;s thatth health health and Medicine actually I believe Captain Lewis will be doing that himself because he&#8217;s an herbalist he&#8217;s well that&#8217;s that&#8217;s true I hope he thinks of that but the president has sent him this past past year to Philadelphia to study with Dr Benjamin Rush have you heard of Dr Benjamin Rush he&#8217;s a very famous doctor in Philadelphia and and Captain Lewis has learned some medicine from him uh one reason I&#8217;m not going is because I&#8217;ve heard of Dr Rush&#8217;s Thunder pills so I think it&#8217;s time for me to leave the Army rather than to take that treatment but any other so we have medicine any other skills that you can think of cooking cooking this is the Army why would anyone want to know how to cook I&#8217;ve wondered that myself it would be nice if we had some good Cooks out on the frontier in these Army units anything else boat build boat building and and just being able to operate a boat boats boatsmen this is a good qualification if we can&#8217;t find enough men with this qualification to enlist in the Army I believe the captains will sign some anges to go along when they&#8217;re in the um St Louis area yes sir sewing is a very good skill I it would be nice if there was a tailor along also to repair the uniforms and make new uniforms as as these wear out as they&#8217;re sure to do in on an expedition that&#8217;s expected to last maybe two years give or take a sewing anything else anyone can think of uh how about you would you be interested in volunteering have you any special skills that would be useful paddle also do you ride a horse somehow I knew that you would be be a good Horsemen so we need we need Horsemen as well as all these other skills she mentioned so she&#8217;s she&#8217;s you are did I say she you wouldn&#8217;t be qualified then but anyway you would be otherwise well qualified anyone here married if you&#8217;re married I&#8217;m sorry the captains will not take any married people along they want single men so that they&#8217;ll work harder and not be not be too distracted by what&#8217;s what they&#8217;re leaving behind yes musicians the the this person up here is wondering if if perhaps we should bring some musicians along and I believe that&#8217;s a good idea I&#8217;m only a lowly private but I believe the captains are thinking along those lines it&#8217;s perhaps possible that some of the anges these Frenchmen in the St Louis area I bet there&#8217;s some musicians amongst them plus a lot of men in the in the forts like Fort Massa casasia they also have well I don&#8217;t want to say talent but they uh they do like music small instruments and singing and dancing and so forth be nice if there were some better musicians along let me um back up for a minute does everyone know the reason that the president is sending this Expedition out there and is there any question about that of course as I said it is a secret mission so I can&#8217;t tell you too much or I&#8217;d have to kill you but but the president does sent this Expedition out and it&#8217;s to be a diplomatic mission to meet the Indians so it&#8217; be good to have translators it&#8217;s also to be a scientific Expedition so we want men who have have a curious mind it&#8217;s to be a a discovery Mission so mapping surveying are good skills to have anybody think of anything else I&#8217;ll look on this broadside here and see if there&#8217;s anything else the captain have WR written recruits are sought with previous military training that&#8217;s always good this is an army Expedition after all curiosity and one or more of the following skills artificer blacksmith boatsman Carpenter cook fisherman gunsmith did I mention gunsmith it would be good to have a gunsmith along perhaps I&#8217;ll talk about the guns here in a moment herbalist Horsemen Hunters surveyors tailor Trapper and handw writing skills I think we hit most of them duration the Expedition is expected to last 2 years commencing in the spring of this coming spring 184 and if you are interested you can see me later or you can apply directly to Captain Lewis at camp duah for an examination I thought I thought I&#8217;d mention the the firearm this is you&#8217;ll have to if you&#8217;re not already familiar with with it you&#8217;ll have to learn to use it I&#8217;m not a very good soldier so I won&#8217;t go through the drill but this is a 1794 contract rifle but Captain Lewis has had special modifications made at Harper&#8217;s Ferry to the lock this is the latest technology this Harper Ferry lock and they&#8217;re interchangeable so that if one breaks they can take the parts out of another want to fix it rather than having to each individually be worked on it&#8217;s from Harper&#8217;s Ferry yes it&#8217;s something that that Captain Lewis has worked out with the superintendent of the Harper Ferry Arsenal in Virginia but it&#8217;s a trade contract rifle it might be it would be rifled uh are there any questions for any of the potential recruits or the the families of the potential recruits because the family members are always very curious of what their sons are getting into before they leave there any questions yes an artificer an artificer is a member of the military with a special skill in blacksmithing and now I will step out of character if you don&#8217;t mind so I can answer that a little better artificer from my my reading is similar to a modern warrant officer there was couple of blacksmiths along on the Expedition and Willard was termed as an artificer but for the purpose of the Expedition he was treated just as a private so M made the paper the paper trail easier or something but artificer was another word for a blacksmith and they were uh special qualification he would Willard was a member of the artillery Corps he was the only member of the artillery Corps besides Captain Clark himself who went all the way to the Pacific and back there were several on the return Journey from the artillery Corp and I&#8217;m wearing the uniform of the Infantry most of the members were enlisted from the Infantry when you see the guys in uniforms around here if they they&#8217;re proper or the pictures on the wall outside you can tell the difference between because the Infantry has white metal the officers would have silver buttons and we enlisted men would have peor and the artillery core would have yellow metal brass or gold trim and buttons so any other questions I like asking an answering questions rather than just being up here and talking because it&#8217;s more fun for me and I think more fun for you any questions back there for my my potential recruits yes you always dress like that do I always dress like this want me to go back in the character no okay um this was an Army Expedition and they dressed in army uniforms this is what they had in fact there was a big problem in the Army in those days of desertion so they made sure when they came into the army they had no civilian clothing so that deserters could be discovered very easily by the funny clothes they wear the um when they left on the Expedition as you can see from Gary Lucy and and Michael Haynes paintings around here this week and they&#8217;ve been working with the historians to do these work they were in uniform they would get in the dress uniform with all the fancy hat and so forth when they met an Indian tribe to do to do their um their welcoming ceremonies and and show the drill and so forth their normal fatigues would be to shed shed the coat shed the roach but keep the Hat on gentlemen in those days always went wore a hat that wasn&#8217;t until President Kennedy came along that men stopped wearing hats I believe but they they wore the uniforms until they wore out and the journals say that they took the uniforms took them apart and used those for patterns for the buck skin clothing that they had so if you look at the St menim portrait of Lewis very closely you can see that it&#8217;s it&#8217;s leather but it&#8217;s military cut it even has the welt down the side which in the original being infantry would have been blue but it&#8217;s its leather with the way it&#8217;s way it&#8217;s cut is all very military and talking to Steve Ali this week from the frontier History Museum he said that some of the captains were rather pardon the modern term anal but they would make the men take their pants apart periodically and bleach them and then sew them back together again so they were used to taking apart and putting together clothing something I wouldn&#8217;t want to do the other funny thing is that I&#8217;ve noticed is the pants at the time were white the regulation after Lewis and Clark got changed so they went back to blue pants I&#8217;d like to think that somebody talked to the quartermaster General after going across the country and back and said whoever came up with the idea of blue pants on I mean white pants for the the Army is nuts cuz it&#8217;s very hard keep these things clean and if you&#8217;re trying to show off every time you meet a new Indian nation and you I&#8217;m sure they had to um keep their clothing clean in fact the the regulation of the time was that they had to clean up every 3 days I&#8217;m not a very good soldier and uh I still have my beard but if I if I were to march with Steve Ali&#8217;s crew I would have to to shave because he insists and Bob Moore now from the park service insists that the the men of the Expedition were clean shaven the men in those days whether they were in the army or not were clean shaven they did not go bearded that came later in the 19th century yesal is this place bugged I&#8217;m with you I I enjoy having this argument with some of the his army historians yes I would I would think that after uh being away from civilization for two years certain things wore R like the razors and certain things also wore out like adherence to the regulations but at times they fell back upon them if they needed them it was a way of ensuring the success of the mission they it was we we would say that the Army values from today they didn&#8217;t articulate them in those days but they had them loyalty Duty those kinds of things and because they had those kinds of values it helped ensure the success of the mission President Jefferson had tried to send several other non-military Expeditions before and they had all failed of course it&#8217;s a failure when You&#8217; send somebody who turns out to be a spy for the span Spanish anyway but they were a failure there was um we okay the qu the question is how many how many people went and um I work for the engineers I don&#8217;t have the head for the numbers person said it was 40 then I heard that 30 I heard only one person died with depend there is some controversy over the numbers but generally speaking about 50 total left Fort uh St Louis and went up the river when they got the first winner at Fort Mandan and now more North Dakota SE many of the men were sent back they never were intended to go the whole way they were to take the keelboat back with the things they had collected journals letters from the first year and also a couple of the the soldiers that washed out couple men who had deserted been recaptured and uh they were sent back so counting sakagawa and Tousan shano who were picked up at Fort Mandan there was 30 one who went to and and slave York Clark slave York 31 total um and one died one one man Sergeant Floyd died on the way up in what&#8217;s today Iowa right I have I don&#8217;t H that one&#8217;s missing too no here we go when uh here&#8217;s a good story I like telling when Lewis was in Philadelphia he was picking up uniform Parts cuz the regular army soldiers that he recruited would already have their uniforms but he was planning on getting some recruits Captain Clark in the Louisville area picked up several recruits which we now call the nine young men from Kentucky and not being already in the army they didn&#8217;t already have clothes so Captain Lewis I&#8217;ll this is too small for most of you to see but you can look at it later he had special coats made in Philadelphia now the story is is this coat here the regular issue Army coat cost 80 cents to make in those days the way it worked was every year the quartermaster General would put out a contract saying we want coats made blue wool here&#8217;s the specs and the contractors in New York and Philadelphia knew that in certain time we&#8217;re going to get this call for making coats and so they would go out and they&#8217;d buy up all the blue wool they could find in the United States Jack the price up and the price and then when the contract came out they say well gee we have to charge it $2.50 per coat quartermaster General got smart so he went out earlier in the year bought up all the blue wool then he issued the contract in two parts one was to provide the wool the other was to S them together same thing happened the guys come back the contract bids came in and and said well provide it but you know we can&#8217;t find blue wool it&#8217;s going to be expensive and he says no I already have the blue wool you just make the coats so that&#8217;s why this one was 80 cents when Lewis decided to make special coats he got this fine wool which is called drab not the color but we call this drab as a color now but that&#8217;s the finest English wool and he had a a tailor make him it cost $2.50 I believe per coat just for the Tailoring and it was something like $5 a yard for the material which in 1803 is a lot of money so so that&#8217;s why some of the men wore this uniform some wore and some wore this uniform they had the blue coveralls which came out of the stocks that were left over from previous when the Army built up during President Adams days so there were 31 and they were dressed in various different ways but they were wearing uniforms cuz one of the reasons they wore the uniform was to impress the Indians that these weren&#8217;t just another bunch of fur Trappers going up the river yes can you tell me when you were gathering your recruits and they were talking amongst each other kind of planning what would be going on what would they have been talking about U that they thought they would see as they got to the West what did they think they would see now this is all supposition but I&#8217;m not a lawyer I can do that right uh well one thing one thing as we know from from the letters at least the officers thought they might find Mastadon or Mammoth some of these giant elephant things that they&#8217;d seen bones in Indiana Ohio area so that&#8217;s one thing one thing they did not expect to see were great shining mountains they expected that once they got near the Pacific they&#8217;d find another Mountain Ridge very similar to this one over here piece of cake they did not expect to see the Rocky Mountains and I&#8217;m sure they did not expect to see great herds of bison and uh all this other Wildlife that they did see as we heard from Kay jenkinson the other night they had that theory that everything was balanced so I would extend that on that they just would expect more to see more of what&#8217;s already there we do that our eles until we get to a new place we sort of our expectations are based on what we already know so I until we get there you either don&#8217;t know what to expect or it&#8217;s just more of the same so there would have been a lot of surprises I&#8217;m sure they expected to find lots of Indians I don&#8217;t think they expected the variety of Indians they did they were used to Eastern Indians and then they get to see all these different cultures and how different each tribe is one from another and uh as a returned Peace Corp volunteer I&#8217;m my reading is there was a lot of culture shock going on they they one reason they were anxious to get back was there was a lot of culture shock they they had gone gone native so to speak but they want to get back to civilization they that&#8217;s a good question you have any ideas I guess I was just thinking that uh pretty much what you said about the mastadons thinking that um wasn&#8217;t there also like a lost tribe of Jewish people that they anticipated finding over there oh yes there actually two things they were looking for one is the Lost tribe of Israel and the other is the Lost tribe of the Welsh the U did even up to our modern day certain people in this country think that there some Indian tribe out there descended from the Lost tribe of Israel but um also there was a a a story that had gone around that a prince of Wales in the 13th century I believe had led many of his people when the English were coming into Wales he led them away in ships to the new world where they disappeared but the Europeans had this belief that they were still out here as a group as a tribe somewhere and um there&#8217;s some people who believe the mandans are descended from the Welch and and Jefferson had this idea that some of these tribes that he had heard about out west might have been descended from the Welch and that&#8217;s one reason he asked Lewis to find out as much as he could about the Indians he actually had a questionnaire that he for each tribe they were to fill out an included words they were to go in and do the vocabulary English to Mandan English to Shon and uh and so that the linguist back back in the United States and Europe could take these words and see if they were related to Welch or or any other language I don&#8217;t think that&#8217;s been followed up that well at least it wasn&#8217;t then but but it one of the if you&#8217;ve ever get a chance to read ronda&#8217;s book about Lewis and Clark among the Indians he goes into that quite a bit it&#8217;s pretty I think it&#8217;s fascinating another question up here to run with the mic oh okay well this isn&#8217;t so much about the Expedition but but come to the present and and as far as in the future uh you know with the B Centennial of the L and Clark expedition is it actually starting here I mean right here at U in charville and this is it I mean it didn&#8217;t start before we&#8217;re starting right in this you know locality this I think I&#8217;m losing the mic that&#8217;s all right with all the history and everything going over it the the bicentennial itself officially begins tomorrow up on the mountain but this whole week of events is the kickoff event for the Lewis and Clark Bicentennial when when when uh Jefferson sent the official letter was it to Congress yes okay yes that&#8217;s why this is all secret you know it was an official letter to Congress saying I&#8217;m going to send this Expedition please appropriate $2500 have you heard of cost overruns and by the way we plan on taking 12 12 men remember I said they took 50 or 51 they&#8217;re still arguing about a couple of the guys so the original plan Jefferson and Lewis were talking about is I think we can do this with 12 when Clark came in the picture he said well we&#8217;re going to need carpenters and boatsmen and you know all these people we talked about earlier with these special skills and the numbers went up was it uh May the 14th as far as the next year 1804 is that when they started oh we&#8217;re going to get in some this is good we&#8217;ll get in some controversy here um from those of us in the you right after you know the letter and it depends on where you&#8217;re from where it started okay if you&#8217;re from Louisville Clarksville area it started what was it October 180 August 1803 when it ever they going to do their signature event later this year if you&#8217;re from St Louis area it didn&#8217;t start until May of 1904 it&#8217;s a matter of opinion well how come people differ Lewis wrote in his journal when he left Pittsburgh my journal my Journey Begins here so there&#8217;s Pittsburgh&#8217;s claim the the the whole event started here when Jefferson wrote the letter to Congress Lewis and Clark came together first met in in in the Clarksville Louisville area the Great Falls of the Ohio so there&#8217;s their argument some of the men a few of the men Lewis brought with him from Pittsburgh many of the men joined in the with Clark others were recruited out of fort massic fort casc one thing I didn&#8217;t mention this character I portray as a recruiter of course is fictional I usually do this in New England several of the men of the Expedition came from New England so I try to bring in the fact that there are ties from New England to this whole thing George drer who&#8217;s somebody been around roaming around here earlier today but he was sent from casasia down to Southwest fort in Tennessee to recruit other men so there were recruiters sent out so these men all finally came together and and um trained at Camp Wood or Camp du now in Illinois across from the mouth of the Missouri River so you could say the Expedition started in St Louis those of us from the East look on the map and say Where&#8217;s the Line from Pittsburgh on the map but the park service by legislation their Trail so to speak starts in St Louis and goes west although now it has certain spots that are part of the trail in the East like Louisville and uh monello I believe I there&#8217;s a couple spots yes the young lady here with with the horses okay what is your opinion about ls&#8217;s death oh we&#8217;re really getting into controversy do you have an opinion well first of all are you from Tennessee is there anybody here from Tennessee oh I got to be careful then you don&#8217;t have an opinion does everybody know the story of Lewis&#8217;s death or do I have to repeat that right Lewis died in 189 after he became governor of of the upper Louisiana Territory he was in he was in trouble because he had certain political enemies remember I said there were cost overruns from his expedition new Administration came are you pointing to tent reach you can&#8217;t re right right you know it it I I&#8217;m from Massachusetts anybody here heard of the big dig that would be the modern equivalent of lwis and Clark&#8217;s cost overrun you know it&#8217;s fun to be out of character it&#8217;s a little more efficient isn&#8217;t it being out of character you you don&#8217;t have to pretend not to know right well actually this is my usual character being cynical so we&#8217;ll get into what was the question oh Lewis&#8217;s death and for those of you who may not be familiar with it Lewis died he was going from St Louis back to Washington to explain some of these bills that were still coming in from his expedition and probably some of his bills from being governor in St Louis also former President Jefferson was still saying where&#8217;s the journals we you promised you get them published so he was feeling under the weather and Lewis had other other problems he had a hard time readjusting back to civilization I understand when he got to a place in Tennessee called amongst other things grinder stand a gunshot rang out and he was found dying and soon died he was despondent there is a certain element of people mostly who live in Tennessee who believe he was murdered I believe every historian in the world who isn&#8217;t based in Tennessee believes he committed suicide his good friend and as it turned out executive William Clark believed he committed suicide because he was he suffered from Melancholy all his life that&#8217;s another way what we would say depression uh I&#8217;ve talked to people who say yes my wife I haven&#8217;t talked to the psychologist myself but secondhand I that the psychologist say he had all the all the symptoms of someone who had commit suicide President Jefferson believed he committed suicide and but people who commit suicide lack by definition good moral character and you cannot name a county after someone who lacks moral character so a couple decades later when the state of Tennessee decided to rename the county he died in Lewis County according to historians I&#8217;ve read that&#8217;s when the story of him being murdered for his money which he didn&#8217;t have anyway um came up so did was I diplomatic enough and and what I think happened to Captain were there others that were on the trip that had the same kind of problem re adjusting to life after the Expedition everybody heard the question I had a gentleman that today when I was wearing the other my other uniform here came up to me and it said he his last name is goodr there was a gentleman on the Party by the name of silus goodr and um this gentleman says I&#8217;m trying to find out if I&#8217;m related to him but I can&#8217;t can what can you tell me and he proceeded to tell me everything he knew about Silas Goodrich which was exactly everything I know about silus Goodrich because it&#8217;s everything that&#8217;s in Clark&#8217;s book the men of Lewis and Clark expedition written what in the 1960s and uh it&#8217;s ALS</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-01170304t/">Keith Bear on Native American Hospitality and the Lewis &#038; Clark Expedition</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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		<title>Traditional regalia, dance styles, and Lewis &#038; Clark expedition logistics</title>
		<link>https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-04130502b/</link>
		
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		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:36:06 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>A recording from the Tent of Many Voices collection.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-04130502b/">Traditional regalia, dance styles, and Lewis &#038; Clark expedition logistics</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-04130502b/">Traditional regalia, dance styles, and Lewis &#038; Clark expedition logistics</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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		<title>Chief Snider on Indian Perspectives of Lewis and Clark</title>
		<link>https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-m09210501tmb/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:36:06 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://research.lewisandclarktrust.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-m09210501tmb/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>A recording from the Tent of Many Voices collection.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-m09210501tmb/">Chief Snider on Indian Perspectives of Lewis and Clark</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>good morning everybody how are you good good good welcome to core of Discovery 2 and the tent of many voices we&#8217;re a traveling exhibit been traveling for over 2 years have another year to go we&#8217;ll finish up in 2006 September 2006 so we have a full year and when we started over two years ago in Montello Virginia one of our first presenters was Mr Chief Snider he&#8217;s here with you today he&#8217;s here from the shinuk tribe he&#8217;s the honorary chief of the shook peoples from the mouth of the Columbia River so let&#8217;s give him a nice warm welcome nice introduction are you everyone as she said I am the fourth great grandson of Chief con Conley who met Lewis and Clark at the mouth of the Columbia in 1805 I was going to ask this question I thought I was going to be talking to third graders but you guys look like you&#8217;re about Juniors from Kendrick high is that correct okay I&#8217;m all right on there I went out and checked the buses says Hey to see where you guys were from so I&#8217;m I&#8217;m not too familiar with this area but it&#8217;s wonderful to see you we&#8217;re here to uh actually celebrate the survival of the Indian tribes on the trail and we&#8217;re here to commemorate Lewis and Clark on our Expedition I had to be part of that in lewison about five four or five years ago when uh people kept saying we&#8217;re going to celebrate Lewis and Clark we&#8217;re going to celebrate this and that and I took offense to that and said well I think you want to use another word because the Indians are not going to celebrate the loss of their land and the loss of their country and the loss of their culture and so what happened at that very meeting they decided to impude all unrecognized tribes on the trail at that time they had about 15 tribes and they went on and then right now we&#8217;re over 60 tribes on the trail recognized or Not by the United States government but don&#8217;t get me wrong we Indians who are not recognized like the monans at the beginning of the tra the Chinooks at the end of the trail we still recognize the United States government so I don&#8217;t want that to be confused now I wanted to ask you how many of you people have Indian blood 1 2 3 4 I&#8217;ve talked to some schools for almost 80% of the people of the kids uh thought they had Indian blood but they didn&#8217;t know how much they didn&#8217;t know uh what kind what tribe they belong to or anything else so I always encourage you if you do have some Indian blood because of college scholarships money and things that might be available to you to find out what your ancestry is and be very proud of your heritage when I was growing up my mother told me don&#8217;t tell anybody you&#8217;re part Indian because of discrimination other people have that same problem America today we think we&#8217;re perfect but we&#8217;re not so as I grew up I started catching passes Oregon State University I was floating feather and I was the only one on the stage that wasn&#8217;t quite I was the only Indian we didn&#8217;t have uh the black people playing football at that time and so I was kind of an odity but I want to tell you something now after working with the uh circle of tribal advisors nationally working with myin out of New York on the Confluence projects and visiting schools visiting teachers and everything else being part Indian is a plus not to say that if you&#8217;re not Indian you shouldn&#8217;t be proud of your heritage if you&#8217;re sweet go for it I always say that okay I just wonder um you know in your school have you kids uh been studying anything about lisis and Clark If you have raise your hands couple of you or some of you so you know the whole story so probably I&#8217;m just up here for nothing today but I I want to tell you some of the Indian story how many of you know how to speak uh some chinuk language or some Indian language you know any words well let me tell you how to how to say a couple by the way I want to recognize one of my great friends Rocky Rockwell he&#8217;s also known as uh Captain Clark uh really a lieutenant but we&#8217;ll call him Captain CLK anyway I I&#8217;m going to do this in three syllables for you the first one is CLA second one is how the third one is y and I goes CL how y that means in chinuk language hello or goodbye much like aloa is in Hawaii Hello Goodbye it&#8217;s just a greeting that you do on three 1 2 3 say it again whenever you see me on the road wandering around your bus or anything say how you Chief I know what you&#8217;re talking about okay in the old days we had a situation where uh president Jefferson wanted to explore the West he thought it might be good to explore the Missouri River and see if I went all the way across America and I any of the tributaries and who I think what was interested in was having some Commerce but the thing that happened was is that he&#8217;d never been on the other side of alany mountains we had Trappers back here mostly Franks and so forth that were wandering around some of these tribes but he hadn&#8217;t been there at all so he got leis and Clark and they got 30 31 men or whatever and and uh go decided to go across the country and see if they could find a passageway mainly for uh Commerce and or get the land so to speak uh so he was in uh making a deal with some people in Europe any of you know who uh we bought the Louisiana Purchase from anybody know he knows we bought it from the French you can imagine it all start a guy named Napoleon bonapart you ever heard of him about 18 cents per square mile he didn&#8217;t know how Jefferson didn&#8217;t know what he was buying he didn&#8217;t know how many trees uh who was out there he knew there were some Indians because the monan nation was only 40 miles away he knew there were Indians out there but he didn&#8217;t know whether they&#8217;re going to be friendly or Not by listening to Trappers he felt that they were going to be okay and that they would let him through well after they bought the Louisiana Purchase they doubled the size of America and did you know so at that time there were more Indians living on the west than there were white men living on the Atlantic coast can you imagine that they&#8217;re more of a population of course they only been there for 10,000 years as everybody knows about they didn&#8217;t come from any place great spirit the Creator put them there at the beginning of time the mountains and The Valleys plants and the animals and the lifegiving rivers no matter what relig you belong to or which one you pray for I use the word creator that encompasses anybody that&#8217;s higher than all of us or the great spirit so in saying I might use that term uh throughout my discourse well they finally got that sold and they bought and they so he&#8217;s added on the Louisiana Purchase well let&#8217;s start out well can&#8217;t go because it&#8217;s not finalized yet and the Spanish and the frch AR going to let you through so they started at Wood River and then when everything got done they went into St Louis and then on the way and my text today is how are they treated by the Indians and what part did the Indians play in their Journey Across America and they hadn&#8217;t hardly got out and they run into the kapoo most of you remember the kapoo joy juice whatever that was in that strip uh maybe you don&#8217;t but I know you do anyway kick the food geers they uh they traded uh some supplies with them begin the trading already for three deer and then they moved on but as she mentioned in the last one we started running into some Indians that weren&#8217;t quite so friendly sha e were friendly they let them to but we got to uh the yank and Sue the yank and Sue oh they greeted him came out wanted to carry him up into the village on a carrier with skins and of course they&#8217;d seen some Frenchmen up this time so everything was great and they were getting along fine they wanted to tell them about the great white father back there who now owned the land and I&#8217;m not going to get into that but they didn&#8217;t understand that at all this was their land it wasn&#8217;t really their land they belonged to the land the land was not owned by anyone so that was fine they parted and they say hey these Indians are okay we&#8217;re going to make it fine well they moved on a little further and I ran into back black Buffalo of the Teton suit and he wasn&#8217;t going to let them through that&#8217;s his River that&#8217;s his tribe&#8217;s uh place and he&#8217;s not going to let them anybody through there unless he wanted and then he wanted everything from him he wanted cigarettes he wanted liquor he wanted everything else they had to trade and so they finally got held up and as she mentioned last class it was a confrontation and it got down to the place where they were hanging on to the Rope on the boat and they weren&#8217;t going to let him go in the kill booat and dark he started to draw his sword and they had their guns up on the ship starting the train and these Indians after a lot of two or three different kinds of scuffles they wanted to show let their women come aboard and see what kbo was like and they wanted to spend the night on the boat but finally they got through all that nobody got killed nobody got injured so what happened then they just let them go on there was no to Fe they thought maybe that anybody coming down their river is going to have to pay that was their River and nobody else could go unless they said so so wow we got through that pass and on down the river to other tribes that they met there were over 60 tribes kind of on the trail I think it was 58 in my recollection and they got to the mandad Village I&#8217;m just hitting the high spots for you now because there other little tribes along the way but the M Dan was a very harsh winter the snow is put up to here it was freezing they built their Court over here the mandans were over here there also the raras and the Hiatus and they&#8217;re all one big family and uh those three tribes were looking for Buffalo and there&#8217;s nothing to be found so they had a big buffalo dance and the core decided to pits right in with them they got in on the dancing and they were out there some of these Indians didn&#8217;t have shoes and they&#8217;re snow clear up their knees but finally they did find some Buffalo they did survive that harsh winter and it was the longest that they had stayed in any one spot up to that point and it turned out there&#8217;s one of the two longest stays they had on the whole trip the other being at Fort plat at the end of the trail well there was Chicago there was saak joia and it depends on who you&#8217;re talking to how you want to pronounce it I always said saaka because in Oregon Washington we have statues and this A J then I go back and I talk to Amy moset as a man Dan and she&#8217;ll say it&#8217;s with a G it&#8217;s sh not sack we so like she said in her last performance if I say it one way one time and I say it another way next time you&#8217;ll have to excuse me because I&#8217;ve been using both on the trail the most famous woman in American history there are more statues of Sakia Chicago than any other woman in America history one of the most famous women in all the world and here&#8217;s a young teenage girl with a baby P John Baptist shardo and the dad taken along as guides and interpreters well they made it to that Winter thank God they got to their command an told them okay you&#8217;re going down the road you&#8217;re going to the river&#8217;s going to do this the river&#8217;s going to do that one of these days you&#8217;re going to run into this big hurling waterfalls and they&#8217;re probably talking about Great Falls as we know it today it&#8217;s it&#8217;s changed a lot since those days well that&#8217;s okay we&#8217;ll get around the falls and in a couple of days and be on our way that was about 3 weeks I&#8217;ve been there I know what it&#8217;s like I went up to the Buffalo Jump you know where they ran the Buffalo off the hill and uh and the Buffalo would die and they go down and they pick them up that was they just her them out over the sink and the gummy substance on the ground is so sticky that when you pick your feet up you got about that much mud on the bottom of your shoe and they had storms and the rivulets and they almost got drowned in a couple of them but you know that was the home of the the uh Grant and the uh asons some of those tribes and back and forth they finally discovered their way and they gave them directions all this time when we&#8217;re making our move we&#8217;re getting directions from the Indians Chicago we is trying to interpret the Frenchmen are trying to interpret because there have been some French Trappers in there some of these Indians have never seen a white person some of these Indians had seen a couple there were a couple that had married Indians and were living there and were used as interpreters to help them guide their way CU it didn&#8217;t know where that Missouri was going and finally they did they kept going and going and uh they got into a country where the Missouri just petered out and this on the way up they didn&#8217;t know whether to go to this River or that River or follow up this way and they finally picked the right direction they got down there and so wait a minute you see a couple Indians out here they see us they run back to camp they&#8217;re scared but we finally get into Camp did some trading proved that they were friends and who is there but Caya cay was saia&#8217;s brother so they&#8217;re brother sister and her sister also was there and SC remember was captured by the Hadas earlier uh 3 or four years years earlier and some of her relatives had been killed and that captured and so she&#8217;d come back and she now she&#8217;s okay and uh they decided to because they were friends Chicago we had decided to keep on going with them and so they went on they&#8217;re heading for what they&#8217;re heading for the bot mountains and they had to get across I was talking to Kevin the other day he says he&#8217;s gone over with a helicopter he says they took the only route that was available by helicopter looking down on it and getting through the mountains and getting to this place right here it&#8217;s the only way through the L path that they could have made and they had guides to help and there they were on top of the mountains with snow they had to kill their horses to have something to eat there was no food and so they finally made it over the way Perry and you guys had a big celebration over there yesterday I wish I could have seen it and finally into this country here thees Pier well thez Pierce hey look at these guys what are we going to do with them look at all those goods they have well let&#8217;s have a counsel they had a counsel and they said shall we kill them and take all those for positions they have guns they have everything medicine everything and ammunition well there was a lady there named wat kuis who is very famous and she&#8217;s in all the history books and what kise says I&#8217;ve been captured like Chicago Leah had been and I&#8217;ve been out living with the heights for a while and they&#8217;re good people don&#8217;t kill them don&#8217;t take their stuff but do them no harm and that&#8217;s the by word now in this people when I talk to Otis half moon when I talk to Alan pink and I talk to carag as in Miss Pi some of my ramblings they say well maybe the nest Pierce should have taken everything America would be quite different today if that had been the case anyway then what we going going to do we&#8217;re down the Clear Water you finally got across the bitter Ro down the clear water into the Snake River and then down to uh Tri Cities and I just been lucky enough to work with Mile in on the Le Park Trail remember sheisa gal did the uh Vietnam Wall in Washington DC and we&#8217;re doing uh seven projects on the rivers $22 million in the last two years all I have to do is get talk and we go to places and pick up money we picked up $18 million the last two years so when you get to Portland you folks you come down for these other events come look what we&#8217;re doing on the on the Louis clar table of the conference here well it&#8217;s all fine we got to the mouth of the uh Snake River now and who&#8217;s there they&#8217;re Indians there of course well let&#8217;s take a little trip up to Columbia now we know that we&#8217;re getting someplace it&#8217;s not going to be long before we&#8217;re going to be down at the mouth of the columia cuz they had known that the ships had come in in fact 28 ships had come into the river already and had been trading with a chook Indian at them up but the UPR River Chinooks had not seen a white man they&#8217; heard about so they run into the wallala wal in they danc with the Walla walas had a good time saw the wanon the bills and the yamas and they came back and said well that&#8217;s not the way to go but we&#8217;ve met some real friendly animal and everybody&#8217;s got these fish dried salmon we part soon we got something to eat but we&#8217;re not too sure that we&#8217;re going to eat this every day but do you have some dog we like the dog better and so I think Park he didn&#8217;t like the dog too much but Lewis he did but all the guys just waiting for something like geese or whatever fevers whatever they could find at that point and they decided to go down the river and maybe you&#8217;ve heard the Umatilla Confederate tribes of the Umatilla were there and before they got the SL of CLS and I got five okay so I&#8217;m going to run run through this quick uh at the mouth there I saw an Indian with a s coat blue and red sailor jacket they saw s Indians with beads white man&#8217;s beads and so uh now we&#8217;re getting close then there&#8217;s cilo Falls and here are these Indians with flat heads remember Indians are not all one big monolithic group mandans are 6&#8217;5 Gerard Baker and tex Hall is 67 I say to them what part of white person are you we&#8217;re not white at all we&#8217;re full blooded Indians and they&#8217;re that tall they&#8217;re seeing a chook now that&#8217;s 5&#8242; five wearing something wood eating salmon not chasing Buffalo not riding horses doing canoes and these Chinook SE them coming and they they started ringing their hands and crying out loud saying we&#8217;re all going to be killed oh there Chicago Le and there&#8217;s P so if you have a woman and a baby with your war party it&#8217;s not a war part it&#8217;s a traveling party so now the chinups had discovered Le part this point as you mentioned it&#8217;s just the other way around we&#8217;ve been here for 10,000 years and and by the way we did find a basket that was 16,000 years old made of Willow twigs and put together with pine pits when they were doing the dams in Oregon 16 that&#8217;s before the Brett&#8217;s floods remember the Brett&#8217;s floods when they were the top of our buildings in P so on down the river as swall Falls they were hoping that when they went through it was only 40 yard right from here that green can up there and the Indians had been fishing there dip Nets and things like that so what happened there was that the Indians would hope that these canoes would be turned upside down and they&#8217;d go and take whatever lands on the shore cuz stepen Ambrose who is one of my friends back east and when he wrote in his book he said that the S Indians were thieves but not really anything left alone was theirs for the tapable canoes hatchets fishing stuff medicine whatever they it isn&#8217;t that they borrowed it but he like to say that they were they were stealing it that isn&#8217;t the way the indans fell about it so on down the river Vancouver was sco show toes and Sue Vancouver and down to the mouth of Columbia that CH Indian tribe at the end my fourth great grandfather Chief K you see his picture in Charles Russell&#8217;s painting greeing the Sakia doing hand signals for the Chinooks and what I&#8217;m saying today I&#8217;m giving you the Indian viewpoint but I&#8217;ll tell you something there were no words spoken Chicago we could not interpret that chuk gutal language no way and so the painting shows them standing up in the canoe waving at each other here was stormy the trees were falling they had gone back into a niche and and the chooks gave them two or three salmon and I&#8217;m going to skip over some stuff because now they went down to the tree and carved the name in the tree they went down to the whale and saw where the whale was then they came back and they decided where are we going to stay for the winter and they took a boat York got the boat Chicago WEA got the boat first that time and decided to stay at Fort plet where the more El and they could see The Ships coming in but leave you with this while they there what a paradox it was that while they were there the ship lyia came into Port of Baker&#8217;s day and the chuks told them they had left and gone back so they missed the bus ride home so the rest of the story is that you know what happened the white man you mentioned that there one man died of appendicitis on the trail then there were three men who died because they killed two black feet uh pan Indians who were stealing their guns and their horses and I&#8217;m talking to a black man in Portland this last year not true at all he says the one the field stabbed died the one that Lewis shot while he was running away recovered and didn&#8217;t die so not one man died on the trail not three men died on the trail but two men died on the trail so I&#8217;ll leave you with that I say cop from my heart Kaka so it but I want to leave you with this seven chinuk directions never forget them they&#8217;re East and there&#8217;s West there&#8217;s North and there&#8217;s South there&#8217;s up and there&#8217;s down there&#8217;s a direction of your Hearts Kaka I&#8217;m glad you could come thank you Chief Snider and thank you for coming um before we let you take off at the top of the next hour at 11:30 we will be showing a film across the Divide for e</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-m09210501tmb/">Chief Snider on Indian Perspectives of Lewis and Clark</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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