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	<title>Diplomacy Archives - Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</title>
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	<description>A digital archive of treaties, documents, artwork, and 360° trail panoramas from the Corps of Discovery</description>
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		<title>Pierre Chouteau to Thomas Jefferson, November 19, 1804</title>
		<link>https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/translations/pierre-chouteau-to-thomas-jefferson-november-19-1804/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[admin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 2026 18:47:43 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://research.lewisandclarktrust.org/translations/pierre-chouteau-to-thomas-jefferson-november-19-1804/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Sir, Captain Lewis on his visit engaged the chief of the [Iowa, Baxoje] tribe to come here, more chiefs of this tribe came a few days ago and after the promise that Captain Lewis made them, so that the Sioux tribe would go see you in the federal Cite, these chiefs demanded that I guide them. I...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/translations/pierre-chouteau-to-thomas-jefferson-november-19-1804/">Pierre Chouteau to Thomas Jefferson, November 19, 1804</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="translation-letter">
<h2>English Translation</h2>
<p>Sir, Captain Lewis on his visit engaged the chief of the [Iowa, Baxoje] tribe to come here, more chiefs of this tribe came a few days ago and after the promise that Captain Lewis made them, so that the Sioux tribe would go see you in the federal Cite, these chiefs demanded that I guide them. I observed them as they need your orders before everything and I promised to ask you. I satisfied with this promise in this way that the counsel I gave them and the expectations that they have conceived that they are worthy of your benevolence. The [Sauk, oθaakiiwaki] have also asked that two or three of their chiefs be on the same voyage: If you judge this necessary, Sir, I will execute your orders with precision and I think that they will result in the best effects of such a voyage. These Chiefs of tribes, who are all considerable, pass down to their descendants immense strengths that have been seen in the United States and beyond evidence of this physical superiority that will be very be very easy to maintain in dependence and subordination. They return home like the [Osages, Wazhazhe] persuaded that their genuine interest is to always maintain their peace with the United States. The [Odawa, Adaawe] asked me to remind you, Sir, the promise that you made them to build a mill in the home of the [Osages, Wazhazhe], and they asked me to write to you, I am informed of the price that this structure could cost, an opening committed to being delivered entirely finished for the sum of $1200. I believe that it is not possible to obtain a lesser price seeing the remoteness of the location and the difficulty of transporting the necessary materials for this structure. In my last I had the honor to write you that my brother is going to the Federal city as the representative of the inhabitants of this district, but a bit of Gout forced him to renounce his journey. Enclosed is an overview of the savage population of this district. I have the honor to be, with profound respect Sir, Your very humble and very obedient servant. Pierre Chouteau Enclosure</p>
<h2>Original French Text</h2>
<p>St. Louis le 19 nobr. 1804 Monsieur Le Capitaine Lewis a son passage avoit engagé les chef de la Tribus Ayoua a venir ici, plusieurs chefs de cette Tribus y sont venus il y a peu de Jours et d’Après la promesse que le Capne Lewis leur avoit fait, ainsi qu’a la Tribus Sioux d’aller vous voir a federal Cité, ces chefs m’ont demandés a ce que Je les y Conduisent. Je leurs ai observé qu’il faloit vos ordres avant tout et Je leurs ay promis de vous les demander, Je les ai renvoyé satisfait de cette promesse ainsi que des Conseils que Je leurs ai donné &amp; des esperances qu’ils doivent Concevoir sils se rendoient digne de votre bienveillance; les sakias ont egalement demandés a ce que deux ou Trois de leurs chefs soyent du même voyage: Si vous Jugez la chose necessaire, Monsieur, J’executerai vos ordres avec exactitude et Je pense qu’il resulteroit les meilleurs effets d un pareils Voyage, Ces chefs de tribus, qui Toutes sont Considerables, Transmetteroient a leurs descendants les forces immense qui auroient vu dans les Etats Unis et d après l evidence de cete Superiotée phisique il seroit bien plus facile après de les maintenir dans la dependance et dans la subordination, ils retourneroient chez eux Comme les Ozages bien Persuadés que leur veritable interêt est de se maintenir Toujours en paix avec les Etats Unis. Les cheveux, ma prié vous rappeller Monsieur la promesse que vous lui avez fait de faire faire un moulin chez les Ozages, il ma bien prié de vous l’ecrire. Je me suis informé du Prix que pourroit coûter cette batisse, un ouvrier s’engageroit a le livrer entierement fini pour La somme de 1200$. Je crois qu’il ne seroit Pas Possible dobtenir un moindre prix vu l’eloignement des lieux et les difficultés du transports des choses nécessaire pour cette batisse. Dans ma precedente J’avais l’honneur de vous marquer que mon frere se rendoit a federal Cité comme Representant des habitants de ce District, mais un accez de Goutte la forcé de renoncer a ce voyage; Cy Joint un apperçu de la population sauvage de ce District. J’ay l’honneur dêtre avec un profond respect Monsieur, Votre très heumble et trés obeissant serviteur Pre. Chouteau</p>
</div>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/translations/pierre-chouteau-to-thomas-jefferson-november-19-1804/">Pierre Chouteau to Thomas Jefferson, November 19, 1804</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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		<title>Auguste Chouteau to Thomas Jefferson, November 20, 1804</title>
		<link>https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/translations/auguste-chouteau-to-thomas-jefferson-november-20-1804/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[admin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 2026 18:47:42 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://research.lewisandclarktrust.org/translations/auguste-chouteau-to-thomas-jefferson-november-20-1804/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Sir, Captain Lewis, during the stay he had here before departing for Missouri, charged me with sending you some notes relating to the savage nations, and the trade that they do in Louisiana and to whom this district is sensitive. As I occupied myself with this important work, I was named by the...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/translations/auguste-chouteau-to-thomas-jefferson-november-20-1804/">Auguste Chouteau to Thomas Jefferson, November 20, 1804</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="translation-letter">
<h2>English Translation</h2>
<p>Sir, Captain Lewis, during the stay he had here before departing for Missouri, charged me with sending you some notes relating to the savage nations, and the trade that they do in Louisiana and to whom this district is sensitive. As I occupied myself with this important work, I was named by the people of the district of Louisiana to present their petition to congress; a mission I accepted with joy, hoping they It would offer me the occasion to make your acquaintance and assure you of my devotion. So, I have suspended my work, preferring to respond in person to the questions that Mr. Lewis left me via writing. However, after five days of travel, I was stopped by the sweat and forced to return to my home. I cannot express to you, sir, the extent of my sorrow at this setback, which prevented me from responding to the trust of my principals and at the same time satisfy the desires of Captain Lewis; but to remedy this as soon as possible, I sent to Mr. J. Wm. Eppes, following the advice of Mr. Harrison our governor, the petition of our inhabitants begging him to wish to be the advocate of our cause and to help with his council Mr. Eligius Fromentin who is like me a representative of the people of the District of Louisianna: I shall pick up my work again with ardor, to send it to you as promptly as possible; but as it will demand much thought and time, I believed it necessary, at this time, to send you some notes, which may interest you, although they do not entirely respond to Captain Lewis’ questions. As for news that is certain, I learned that Captain Lewis arrived without any accident 850 miles from the mouth of the Missouri around the 19th of August, as the savages received him perfectly well; and I presume that he will pass the winter season with the Mandanes, about 1300 miles from here. If I have the pleasure to see you, my intention will be to recommend to you the inhabitants of Louisianna as submitted and loyal citizens but who need encouragement and for you to inspire for them the state that they deserve. I dare to flatter myself that you will not find what I have done here by writing wrong. I intend to do so if I have the honor to see you. My supporters and I, Sir, we are infinitely jealous to earn your esteem, and have decided to do everything to earn it. If I can be happy enough to be useful to you in anything whatsoever, I beg you to state it without reserve, to the one who has the honor to be with the sentiments of most profound respect Sir. Your Very humble &amp; very obedient servant, Auguste Chouteau</p>
<h2>Original French Text</h2>
<p>St. Louis Le 20. Novembre 1804 Monsieur Monsr. le capitaine Lewis dans le séjour qu’il a fait ici avant son depart pour le Missoury, m’avoit chargé de vous envoyer des notes relatives aux nations sauvages, et au commerce qui se fait dans la Louisiane, et dont ce district est susceptible; Comme Je m’occupois de ce travail conséquent, J’ai été nommé par les habitans du District de la Louisiane, pour présenter au Congres leur petition; Mission que j’ai accepté avec joie, espérant qu’elle me fourniroit l’occasion de faire votre connoissance, et de vous assurer de mon entier dévouement. J’ai alors suspendu mon travail, préferant répondre de vive voix, aux questions que Mr Lewis m’a laissées par écrit. Mais après cinq jours de route, J’ai été arreté par la goutte, et forcé de revenir chez moi. Je ne puis vous exprimer, Monsieur, combien Je suis peiné de ce contretems, qui m’empêche de répondre à la confiance de mes cometans et en même temps de satisfaire aux desirs du Cape. Lewis; mais pour y remedier autant que possible, J’envoye à Mr. J. Wm. Eppes d’après le conseil de Mr Harrison notre gouverneur, la petition de nos habitans, en le priant de vouloir bien être l’avocat de notre cause, et d’aider de ses conseils Mr Eligius Fromentin, qui est comme moi réprésentans des habitans du District de la Louisiane: Je vais reprendre avec ardeur, mon travail, pour vous l’envoyer le plus promptement possible; mais comme il exige beaucoup de reflexions et de temps, Je crois devoir par cette occasion, vous envoyer quelques notes, qui pourront vous intéresser, quoiqu’elles ne repondent point entierement aux questions du Capitaine Lewis. Par des nouvelles certaines, J’ai appris que le Cape. Lewis étoit arrivé sans aucun accident a Huit cent cinquante mille de l’ambouchure du Missoury a l’époque du 19. d’aoust dernier, que les sauvages l’avoyent parfaitement reçus; et Je presume qu’il passera la saison de L’hivers chez les Mandanes, à environ 1300 Miles d’ici. Si J’avois eu le bonheur de vous voir, mon intention étoit de vous recommander les habitans de la Louisiane comme des Citoyens soumis et fidels, mais qui ont besoin d’encouragement, et de vous inspirer pour eux, l’état qu’ils meritent. J’ose me flatter que vous ne trouverez pas mauvais, que Je fasse par ecrit, ce que Je conptois faire si J’avois eu L’honneur de vous voir. Mes cometans et moi, Monsieur, nous sommes infiniment jaloux de meriter votre estime, et sommes décidés à faire tout pour l’obtenir Si J’étois assez heureux pour pouvoir vous être utile en quelque chose que ce soit, Je vous prie de disposer sans réserve, de celui que a L’honneur d’etre avec les sentiments du respect le plus profond Monsieur Votre Très humble &amp; très obeissant serviteur. Augte. Chouteau</p>
</div>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/translations/auguste-chouteau-to-thomas-jefferson-november-20-1804/">Auguste Chouteau to Thomas Jefferson, November 20, 1804</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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		<title>Auguste Chouteau: Dinner Invitation to General William Clark</title>
		<link>https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/translations/auguste-chouteau-dinner-invitation-to-general-william-clark/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[admin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 2026 18:47:42 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://research.lewisandclarktrust.org/translations/auguste-chouteau-dinner-invitation-to-general-william-clark/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Auguste Chouteau requests General W. Clark to do him the honor of dining at his home next Sunday two hours after noon.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/translations/auguste-chouteau-dinner-invitation-to-general-william-clark/">Auguste Chouteau: Dinner Invitation to General William Clark</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="translation-letter">
<h2>English Translation</h2>
<p>Auguste Chouteau requests General W. Clark to do him the honor of dining at his home next Sunday two hours after noon.</p>
<h2>Original French Text</h2>
<p>Auguste Chouteau prie le General W. Clark de lui faire l&#8217;honneur de diner chez lui dimanche prochain deux heures apres midi.</p>
</div>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/translations/auguste-chouteau-dinner-invitation-to-general-william-clark/">Auguste Chouteau: Dinner Invitation to General William Clark</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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		<title>Pierre Chouteau to Thomas Jefferson, December 1, 1805</title>
		<link>https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/translations/pierre-chouteau-to-thomas-jefferson-december-1-1805/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[admin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 2026 18:47:42 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://research.lewisandclarktrust.org/translations/pierre-chouteau-to-thomas-jefferson-december-1-1805/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Sir, The [Osage, Wazhazhe] chiefs who arrives last in St. Louis gave me indirect news of Captain Lewis. At the time that they departed their nation they saw two Indians of the [Otoe, Jiwére] nation who were going to St. Louis and were afraid of continuing their route by the unfortunate blow that...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/translations/pierre-chouteau-to-thomas-jefferson-december-1-1805/">Pierre Chouteau to Thomas Jefferson, December 1, 1805</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="translation-letter">
<h2>English Translation</h2>
<p>Sir, The [Osage, Wazhazhe] chiefs who arrives last in St. Louis gave me indirect news of Captain Lewis. At the time that they departed their nation they saw two Indians of the [Otoe, Jiwére] nation who were going to St. Louis and were afraid of continuing their route by the unfortunate blow that was struck on the [Osages, Wazhazhe]. These [Otoes, Jiwére] reported that they had accompanied Captain Lewis to just a short distance from the sea to the South when they arrived at an establishment of whites where Captain Lewis procured some horses that they needed to continue their route. I desire and I hope good news is confirmed by next spring. Governor Wilkinson has no doubt informed you that I returned to him a commission of captain that was sent to me by a Panismahas chief to whom it was granted by the Governor of New Mexico. This step and several others of which we were only informed by hearsay are the plans by which the Spanish government seeks to become close with the Nations of Missouri. Be convinced, Sir, that I will do I in my power to entice the Indian Nations and attach them to the American government in all the respects. The United States can only withdraw the largest advantages from an intimate liaison and frequent communication with the Missouri and Mississippi Nations. Believe, sit, the I am doing all that is in my power to respond to the confidence that it pleased you to honor me with. I have the honor to be with the most profound respect Sir Your very humble and very obedient servant. Pierre Chouteau</p>
<h2>Original French Text</h2>
<p>St Louis Le 1er Decembre 1805. Monsieur Les chefs osages qui sont arrivés dernierement a St Louis m’ont donné des Nouvelles indirectes de Mr. Le Capn Lewis au moment de leur depart de leur nation ils ont vu deux Indiens de la Nation otto qui venoient a St Louis et qui ont craint de Continuer Leur route par le coup malheureux qui venoit d’être frappé sur les osages, ces ottos rapportent qu’ils ont accompagné le Capitaine Lewis jusqu’a peu de distance de la mer du Sud qu’ils sont arrivés a un etablissement de blancs où le Capn Lewis s’est procuré des chevaux dont il avoit besoin pour continuer sa route, Je desire et j’espere que ces heureuses nouvelles seront Confirmées au printems prochain. Monsr. le Gouverneur Wilkinson vous a sans doute informé que je lui ai remis une commission de capitaine qui m’a été envoyée par un chef Panis auquel elle avoit été accordée par le Gouverneur du Nouveau Mexique, Cette demarche et plusieurs autres dont nous ne sommes informés que par oui dires sont des preuves que le Gouvernement Espagnol cherche a se lier intimement avec les Nations du Missoury, soyez persuadé Monsieur, que je ferai tout ce qui sera en mon pouvoir pour attirer les Nations indiennes et les attacher au gouvernement americain sous tous les rapports Les Etats Onis ne peuvent que retirer les plus grands avantages d’une Liaison intime et d’une Communication frequente avec les Nations du Missoury et du Mississipy, Croyez, Monsieur, que je ferai toujours tout ce qui sera en mon pouvoir pour repondre a la confiance dont il Vous a plu de m’honorer. J’ai l’honneur d’etre avec le plus profond respect Monsieur Votre très humble et tres obeissant serviteur. Pre. Chouteau</p>
</div>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/translations/pierre-chouteau-to-thomas-jefferson-december-1-1805/">Pierre Chouteau to Thomas Jefferson, December 1, 1805</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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		<title>Pierre Chouteau to Thomas Jefferson, July 20, 1805</title>
		<link>https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/translations/pierre-chouteau-to-thomas-jefferson-july-20-1805/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[admin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 2026 18:47:42 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>Sir, Captain Lewis has sent by his barge returning from high on the Missouri, some magpies, a pheasant, and a prairie dog with two trunks that followed their instructions that they must be sent to you. I sent them down to New Orleans and addressed them to Governor Clayborn. I believe that this...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/translations/pierre-chouteau-to-thomas-jefferson-july-20-1805/">Pierre Chouteau to Thomas Jefferson, July 20, 1805</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="translation-letter">
<h2>English Translation</h2>
<p>Sir, Captain Lewis has sent by his barge returning from high on the Missouri, some magpies, a pheasant, and a prairie dog with two trunks that followed their instructions that they must be sent to you. I sent them down to New Orleans and addressed them to Governor Clayborn. I believe that this journey is the best sure that the animals will arrive sage and sound in the Federal city. Captain Lewis sent 45 savages from nations from the high Missouri to be sent to the seat of the government but the warm season is too unfavorable for traveling for the savages accustomed to cold countries, as they expressed in the talks that I held with them, Governor Harrison and I have judged it more prudent and absolutely necessary to put back the journey to autumn and to gather at the same time the [Sauk, oθaakiiwaki] and Fox [Meskwaki, Meshkwahkihaki] already requested by the government. As a consequence, several of these savages have returned to their nations and I will make a party of Sioux leave who are presently here because the closest village of their nation is established on the Mocus river where they will return at the end of next September to assemble with different chiefs of other nations and with [Sauk, oθaakiiwaki] and Fox [Meskwaki, Meshkwahkihaki] already requested by the government that I am ready to bring to the Federal city. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Sir your very humble and very obedient servant. Pierre Chouteau</p>
<h2>Original French Text</h2>
<p>St. Louis [on or before 20 July] Monsieur Mr Le Capn Lewis ayant envoyé par sa barge revenue dernierement du haut Missoury, des Pies, un faisan, et un chien de prairye avec deux Malles qui suivant ses instructions doivent vous etre envoyés, Je les ai fait descendre à la Nouvelle Orleans et les ai addressé à Mr Le gouverneur Clayborn, J’ai cru que cette Voye etoit La plus sure pour que ces animaux arrivent sain et sauf à Federal city. Mr Le capn Lewis a envoyé quarante-cinq Sauvages des nations du haut du Missoury pour etre envoyé au siege du gouvernement mais la saison des chaleurs etant trop defavorable pour faire voyager des sauvages accoutumés aux païs froids, comme eux mêmes l’ont exprimé dans les conseils que j’ai tenu avec eux, Mr Le gouverneur harrison et moi avons jugé plus à propos et même de necessité absolue de remettre ce voyage à L’automne et de reunir en même tems Les sackias et Renards deja demandés par le gouvernement. En consequence plusieurs de ces Sauvages sont retournés dans leurs nations et je vais faire partir un parti de sioux actuellement ici pour le plus proche village de leur nation etabli sur La rivière des Mocus d’ou ils reviendront à la fin de Septembre prochain pour se reunir aux differens chefs des autres Nations et aux sakias et Renards deja demandés par le gouvernement que je serai pret a conduire a Federal city. J’ai L’honneur d’etre avec Le plus profond respect Monsieur Votre trés humble et très obeissant serviteur Pre. Chouteau</p>
</div>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/translations/pierre-chouteau-to-thomas-jefferson-july-20-1805/">Pierre Chouteau to Thomas Jefferson, July 20, 1805</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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		<title>Mike Lyall on Cowlitz History and Lewis &#038; Clark</title>
		<link>https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-11280502tmb/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:36:09 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://research.lewisandclarktrust.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-11280502tmb/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>A recording from the Tent of Many Voices collection.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-11280502tmb/">Mike Lyall on Cowlitz History and Lewis &#038; Clark</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>oh you&#8217;re so quiet and timid we got to get you together get you focused we&#8217;re going to have a speaker so we I get ready so everybody hands on your knees eyes forward 1 2 3 good morning boys and girls good morning all right good morning good to see you glad you can be here you are now the tense of many voices and this is called core Discovery 2 and we are traveling National mobile exhibit we&#8217;ve been traveling all over the country we&#8217;ve seen so many places since we started out we started out in the year 2003 in the home of Thomas Jefferson in monachello in Virginia and we&#8217;ve been traveling all the way across the country and we finally reached the ocean and next year we&#8217;ll be coming all the way back and we&#8217;ll end up in St Louis that&#8217;s where Louis and Clark were 200 years ago and we&#8217;ll finish up there in September 23 2006 now here in this Mobile T what we do is we have a lot of presenters and speakers they come from all over the country to tell their story and interpretation of lwis and Clark we have native presenters such as singers and dancers and Poets we have Scholars people that have studied lisis and Clark they take the old um journals and they research them every day and they look at them so we have a lot of different people that come to this tent and tell the story of Louis and Clark so here today we have a special presenter we have Mike iel he&#8217;s a director of Natural Resources Council for the CIS tribe he&#8217;s also the vice chair of the tribal council so let&#8217;s give a nice warm welcome put your hands together for Mike AEL good morning good morning uh going to tell you some things you probably know and some stuff you don&#8217;t know uh first start out by welcoming you to ket&#8217;s Country um some of you may not be aware but before after it was CET country you are in Prince rubberland you didn&#8217;t know that one yeah Prince rubberland you&#8217;re part of Great Britain right here you&#8217;re in you&#8217;re you&#8217;re English now and then later on this would become part of Oregon over there except this was part of Oregon too and later on after that it would become Washington territory a part of Nebraska so in just a few moments we&#8217;ve gone from England to Oregon to Nebraska we&#8217;re back to Washington he didn&#8217;t even feel like you moved so anyway I&#8217;ll start out with a little bit of History uh in 1827 Governor Simpson said skena track runs from off the pet sound and Strikes the Colombia near point bellw skena was the college Chief and skena was the high chief cic were a little unusual in that we had 20,000 people many different villages with one Chief one high chief and that was skena he was my great great grandfather uh later on Governor Stevens would call skena track the C Trail and so you&#8217;re at the southern end of this the cets trail we were Traders we we like to trade uh our money in a long time ago was a special little shell called the dent talum and that little shell was also called hiqua and that was our money and it was exchanged in in what they called a fathom which was like 3 ft long and a fathom of the large shells was worth a huge amount of money and we know that that those little shells had great value because in South Dakota which is over over here right in here clear over there they had our dentum shells and we know that because the spiral flute D taum shell comes from only one place in the world and it&#8217;s right up the map right here on the Northern point of Vancouver Island and the queen Charlottes it&#8217;s the only place in the world that little shell comes from and I&#8217;ve talked to people from uh Connecticut that tell me that they have Den talum shells there as well so Vancouver was a trading post hundreds if not thousands of years before Lewis and Clark got here when Lewis and Clark came here they said said that this was a Marketplace equal to any in the world they saw people with sailor suits rifles pistols metal pots all things that they&#8217; got from Europeans when Lewis and Clark came down the river and one of the big things that I have to laugh at my ancestors is we didn&#8217;t pick up on the significance of a boat loaded tour us coming down the river we&#8217;d seen people come up the river but we never realized anything important would be from somebody coming down the river so when you look at the map you see that me they came from here we&#8217;d seen people come from the ocean but we didn&#8217;t realize that they came from the other ocean too and that&#8217;s something that we didn&#8217;t realize so we&#8217;ll move on uh we traded and we traded from Canada down to California and in to the mountains of Idaho that&#8217;s how far we traveled uh I know that leis and Clark never met my ancestors because skena and all his sons were were large tall men for the time they were all over 6 foot tall Captain Clark was a very tall man he was 6ot and he would have noticed if there were tall indans there so I know that he didn&#8217;t meet them because our uh tribal history said that skena was away in business in in Canada when Louis and Clark came through so we know that that that those people didn&#8217;t meet with them so now I need to to talk about what did we eat well we ate salmon we had deer elk wapo Camas and berries and we would the fish came to us it was pretty neat setup really we grew the the the cus and the wapo and uh we would go to the mountains and pick the berries our tribe had a a special arrangement with the akamas we would trade salmon on the cetz river for berries on Mount Adams which today it seems kind of funny but at the time salmon were almost as common of sand on the beach and we could get berries for those salmon so uh and we had berries and we were able to preserve our food something that Louis and Clark couldn&#8217;t do you guys know that uh were Louis and Clark really hungry when they got hairs anybody know that yeah they were starving all the time they got here because they didn&#8217;t have the ability to preserve their food we preserved our food and we were able to do it better than than they would and uh as a result when they come into our villages we were able to serve them meals and we gave them berries we gave them berries in November and December like right now we were able to go and pull them out of the cupboard and there was some nice fresh you know berries that we could serve up for our guests so that was that was how we what we ate and that was how we preserved our food we had large houses some of the houses were huge they&#8217;re like modern apartment houses the uh large bigger uh plank houses were 200 ft long that&#8217;s almost as big as a football field and inside those houses there&#8217;d be partitions to where there would be each family would live inside the house just like an apartment house today and some of those houses were called plank houses and some were called long houses it just depended on where you lived but they were made out of boards and they were easily bigger than this tent and uh they were warm and comfortable houses so I already posed a question did we meet with Lewis and Clark and the answer is Maybe uh Lewis and Clark called us scutes which when you say callets and scutes uh it could well be uh because it&#8217;s really important to know that that the way we set our words the pronunciation of of Indian words was impossible for the Europeans and the Europeans their words were impossible for us to say so we had this case to where we couldn&#8217;t communicate so we had to guess and Lois and Clark called us scutes they called us huel and ketc now ketc means place of the cets and place of the cets is right here on the CET River and the Lewis River and along the Columbia River now for a very very long time I had read and I&#8217;d studied and i&#8217; i&#8217; even seen that one of the the great historians had misunderstood kitc he thought it meant River of the Kitz but once you understand that kitc means a place of the CET then it can be applied to more than one River and uh Lewis and Clark said of us we hear they are numerous they said that a couple different times and how numerous were we we were one of the biggest tribes in the Northwest we were 20,000 and uh we look right here see off the Puget Sound is Olympia and down here to point bellw is the Confluence of the wamit in the Columbia so we lived between Olympia and Portland and out to the West we lived out to Modern Raymond down through the wipa hills to the Columbia and then back up the the Columbia River to the Wind River and up the Cascades up to mount reineer and then over to Olympia it was a huge area we were a very large tribe and we had a huge amount of area so that&#8217;s that&#8217;s who we were that&#8217;s where we lived after Lewis and Clark the fur Traders came and our his our history said that our chief went to Fort George and Fort George is down right here by the mouth of the Columbia we call it asoria today and our chief went to the to the fur Traders and said I don&#8217;t like traveling this far can you move your your Trading Post closer to home and the Trading Post closer to home is here so the reason that Vancouver is here is because our chief went to Fort George and asked the fur traders to relocate closer to home and that closer to home became Vancouver so that&#8217;s that&#8217;s our connection with this area and after the fur Traders came then the settlers moved in and there were Indian Wars and during the Indian Wars our people joined the army my name my first name is Francis and I was I took me a long time to get used to that name and then I found out that that my first name is really someone else&#8217;s last name because my great-grandfather served with a lieutenant Francis in the Indian Wars and that name came into the family and he named his son my grandfather and then my father had the name and now me so I my first name is actually somebody else&#8217;s last name after the Indian Wars we we resisted signing a treaty after we had fought the wars the settler or the the United States wanted us to go live on the reservation and turn in our guns and go live with the people that we just defeated we didn&#8217;t think that&#8217;d be a good idea so we told them no and then at a later date we decided we&#8217;re going to have to to struggle for a recognition and prove who we are and we had a chief his name was atan stockham and he was appointed Chief by Lieutenant ulyses Grant and just right over here is Grant house and uh ulyses Grant made Antoine stockham the chief of the colge and atan started the the fight for recognition and 150 years later we finished that fight for recognition and we we were granted status that&#8217;s special to us it&#8217;s called acknowledged it means we knew you were here but now we understand that you really are the cat&#8217;s people and that was our history up to now so what do we do today well I&#8217;m director of Natural Resources Department today I have two dams in Rel lensing one on the callets one on the Lewis we&#8217;re working on salmon tracking on the toodle River and uh I&#8217;ve got biologists working for me that are checking gear for chronic wasting disease we&#8217;re checking Goose populations for their health we&#8217;re working to uh restore salmon passages to different areas and uh we&#8217;re working to protect cultural resources right here this bridge that&#8217;s if you could look out and see it just right you&#8217;d see there&#8217;s a bridge across the Columbia River that&#8217;s going to be replaced and when that&#8217;s replaced it&#8217;s going to disrupt a whole bunch of of uh surface and under that surface because people lived here for maybe 10,000 years there will be the the graves of of people so that&#8217;s things that we do so if anyone has any questions I&#8217;d be happy to answer it if you have a question what I do is I come to you after you raise your hand and then you ask the question and everyone can hear it so go ahead raise your hand if you have a question for Mike clat of people were did did they who was their last Chief or who was the courage I don&#8217;t know the name of the last chief of the classup but I can tell you that uh the classup people came up here and traded and if you this is an assignment for the teachers now you read the Molton Lois and Clark Journal set in book six and book seven and in book Seven it explains the role of the classup and the scutes and I&#8217;ll use the more modern map though the clups live down here the clups were intermediaries between the people on the the Upper Valley and the Lower Valley and so when Lewis and Clark said the Chinooks have been at war with the scales and the scal the Chinooks are not allowed above the war kayaks the clups were free to come up here the shinook weren&#8217;t the clups came up traded took the goods back down to the shinuk and the shinuk would give them goods and the clups would take them back and so that&#8217;s the role of the clups any other questions more questions okay let&#8217;s go back here what is your question are science are scientists still working on the project to find um where Lu and Clark are or where they also went are scientists still working on the project to find where L and Clark um also went uh I think we know where they went but I uh I know that uh one of the people in the Park Service Doug Wilson is out at Fort classup today and they&#8217;re working to find out all of the information they can at the the site of the fort classic to find out how long they were there and and what they ate while they were there and other things like that any more questions we got one back here all right good have you been able to preserve your native language and do you personally speak anything other than English uh I don&#8217;t speak anything other than English um I was probably the worst student on the planet so I always tell people English is my only foreign language but uh not me but other people in our tribe are preserving our Salish language the Kat had two languages the Salish we shared with the shahis the two languages are almost identical and the sahaptin we shared with the yakas in fact all of the yakam or the sahaptin speakers when they came here they were called click itats and click attat is really means sahap speaker we have a question over here I will come over here to you and you can tell your question how do you know that they used it all the stuff that you have here how do they know that they use what all the stuff that&#8217;s here all the Stu it&#8217;s here you mean like here on the table out there you mean like uh salmon and and Cedar that type of thing I I can tell you that Lois and Clark took really good notes and when you read those journals uh teachers it&#8217;s book six and book seven and then maybe one of the neatest one is the one that nobody knows about and that&#8217;s the White House journals does any of the teachers know about the White House journals raise your hand okay Joseph White House was a private with Lewis and Clark and Joseph sometimes he had Duty and he was gathering firewood and peeling potatoes and doing Army things but other days Joseph had some free time and when Joseph wrote Joseph was one of the only Journal keeper to write active entries so Joseph&#8217;s entries were written as they occurred everybody else wrote their entries they took notes and then they recreated them years later so sometimes on the days Joseph was free he gives us the best picture of everything and that&#8217;s book 11 and for you guys to study the journals the easiest and best way is to pick the date so like we would just say November 28th 1805 and go back and look and find out what happened any other questions question over let&#8217;s go it over here did any of the uh Eastern Oregon Indian tribes like the ellos and the caus did they were they involved in any of the trading down here oh absolutely uh the word Shoni in jargon means person from the interior so we know that people from Idaho came here we know that uh people from California came here and traded and we know that the uh well at least I&#8217;ve been studying it I believe there&#8217;s a people called wakan Nish Waki and I believe wanas SE and those are people called nutkin from the northern tip of Vancouver Island and those people were here all right we have uh time for maybe one more question let&#8217;s go over here how do you how do you know uh where Lis and Clark is bed how do you know where Lu and Clark are buried well um I think it&#8217;s written in in a history book uh Lewis is buried and I don&#8217;t know where somewhere down South Tennessee Tennessee yeah just Trail they see and then Clark lived a long happy life and died a very old man so they and and he he he wrote down a lot of stories and I think he I don&#8217;t know where he&#8217;s buried but St Louis St Louis Missouri right I I think it&#8217;s time for us to go but we got one more question if somebody&#8217;s ready let&#8217;s have one more question from this young man right over here go ahead do you do you think or know if leis and Clark pass through this spot where this T of voes is that do you think or no if leis and Clark passed where this spot is right here I think it&#8217;s really quite likely that yes they did pass by here uh the only thing is is on the way down I think they stopped on the airport side I don&#8217;t think they stopped on this side of the river so but on the way back they spent a couple days here because uh they sent a scouting party up the wamit river so uh they&#8217;ve certainly looked at this place if they didn&#8217;t stand here all right let&#8217;s give a nice big round of applause for Mike iel</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-11280502tmb/">Mike Lyall on Cowlitz History and Lewis &#038; Clark</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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		<title>Jeff Olsen, National Park Service, Opening Ceremony Remarks</title>
		<link>https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/jeff-olsen/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:36:08 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://research.lewisandclarktrust.org/tent-voices/jeff-olsen/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>A recording from the Tent of Many Voices featuring Jeff Olsen.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/jeff-olsen/">Jeff Olsen, National Park Service, Opening Ceremony Remarks</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>we&#8217;re going to get started in a couple of minutes if our guests and speakers would come to the front of the room and up on stage on stage mayor line I&#8217;m done good morning again my name is Jeff Olsen and I&#8217;m with the National Park Service I&#8217;m the spokes for core Discovery 2 200 years to the Future and the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail on behalf of many people in green and gray and a long list of other people that help us get core of Discovery to around the United States I want to welcome you what we&#8217;re going to do is have a combined uh program here this morning we&#8217;re going to have uh the colors posted and an honor guard with us uh Mike iall um is going to do the opening in prayer for us and then we&#8217;re going to have some brief remarks by the mayor and uh and Sam Robinson from the chinuk and then uh County Commissioner Mark bolt is going to open core two for us so if uh you would stand and we&#8217;re going to begin for he oh hey the for I I all he for you are you are heart Mike I guess uh I&#8217;d like to tell you that uh before we start I&#8217;ve obviously I I don&#8217;t have the the KET Salish or the the tium sah hapton so I&#8217;ll just speak to you as is the language we have uh we&#8217;re here to Mark the the the coming together of our two cultures and I would like you to uh to think about this the the Indian history of the Northwest is truly the ancient history of the Northwest and once you accept that then you can understand why when the tribal people are insistent about cultural resource prote protetion we are protecting your ancient history and so if it seems unreasonable please just remember that as residents of the Northwest the tribal history is your history so with that amen for uh please be seated right left face please stand for the retirement of the Native American color guard good morning I&#8217;m Roy par the mayor of America&#8217;s Vancouver and behalf of the city council of the city of Vancouver and the citizens of the city of Vancouver I want to thank you all for coming this morning for this opening ceremony but beyond that I want to thank everyone and I you know I can&#8217;t name everybody because I certainly would forget someone and someone I haven&#8217;t met who had a significant role in bringing this great core to to Vancouver and Clark County it&#8217;s a great opportunity for our County and our city to Showcase those activities which we have created to commemorate the Journey of Lewis and Clark and the interaction with with our Native American brothers and sisters I&#8217;m very proud to represent the city of Vancouver here look forward to all the crowds that will come they will enjoy they will become educated hopefully they will in fact absorb some of the diversity that will be offered here over the next several days and I look forward to participating in it it brings Great Value to our community anytime we can display the culture of our region particularly for our young people for the future of our country and the future of our world rests in our young people they are our greatest assets so I look forward to seeing them and seeing you all here as as we enjoy this great exhibit and again I want to thank everyone particularly want to thank Arlene Johnson who is the executive director of the Vancouver Clark County Lewis and Clark organization who has for years and years and of course there are City people involved and the National Park Service people involved and there people from every city involved Arlene has led the troops in this effort and she certainly deserves a round of applause I don&#8217;t even know where she is she was here earlier raise your hand she&#8217;s back there okay welcome to you all welcome to cou thank you very much God bless you all and God bless America thank you thanks here and Mike again my name is Mike iel I&#8217;m with the cge tribe um when we talk about the history because that&#8217;s what we&#8217;re here for sometimes you tend to put it too far away uh a while back somebody asked me uh is there any positive connection between you and the Hudson Bay Company about an hour later I realized the well du the way I spell my name it&#8217;s the Scottish spelling uh there&#8217;s a Jesuit spelling that&#8217;s that&#8217;s French that we we don&#8217;t use my great-grandfather used it but our family uses the Bay Company spelling so when you think about the history you need to to again realize that today we know more about Lewis and Clark than they did 100 years ago you got the Molton Journal set you still have Ruben th&#8217;s Journal set and you have the the journals of the fur Traders and what I compare the Lewis and Clark journey to is driving down a dark country road at night with your headlights on and that&#8217;s more than Lewis and Clark saw a lot of places through here they either stopped for lunch or they didn&#8217;t stop at all when leis and Clark got here they compared this to a Marketplace equal to any in world this had already been a A Gathering Place a trading place for centuries perhaps Millennia before Louis and Clark got here and when they came here they saw people wearing sailor suits using metal pots carrying pistols carrying muskets we&#8217;d already had contact Lis and Clark didn&#8217;t discover this area it was already discovered so uh with that I guess I&#8217;ll be brief and uh I&#8217;ll pass it off to Sam thank you my name&#8217;s Sam Robinson I&#8217;m a council member with the chinuk tribe and it&#8217;s just such a beautiful morning uh to hear drummers when you come in here and and uh and we&#8217;re honored by our veterans you know I mean the Native American veterans go back a long ways we I mean there was people fighting in World War I that didn&#8217;t even have the right to vote but uh I I just uh you know the ten to many voices it&#8217;s it&#8217;s brought the word of So Many Nations along the trail together and and later on today I&#8217;ll be able to speak about my ancestors and and the chinuk nation and and uh hopefully Enlighten you on all of this and I think we&#8217;re just uh uh blessed and honored to have this voice and along the ls and Clark Trail and uh let people know that there was more going on than just these guys coming down the river and and let people know that uh how we helped them you know how especially on this end of the river where they didn&#8217;t have a whole lot going for them and didn&#8217;t have a whole lot that we needed but we we we helped them survive and I hope that you all enjoy this the uh the stay that coru will be here you know for 2 weeks and and learn a lot uh thank you thank you Sam our final speaker this morning is uh Mark bold who is the county commissioner and also chairman of the Lewis and Clark committee here Mark well thank you very much and it is an honor for this County to to host this Exposition uh first of all on behalf of Clark County and the other two Commissioners I&#8217;d like to thank the park service for all your work for bringing this exposition to Clark County and uh for the thousands of students that will come here to see the the Heritage that the mayor has just talked about for the other and to uh just it&#8217;s not by accident that our uh County isn&#8217;t is named after uh of William Clark and it&#8217;s not by accident that we&#8217;re Americans so it is it&#8217;s an honor to be here uh just welcome have a good time within this camp and the rest of the this Exposition and behalf of Clark County I now now CL uh declare the Lucen Clark Exposition core Discovery 2 open thank you and God bless and good morning and welcome to all you folks here in the Ten of many voices welcome to Cor Discovery 2 we&#8217;re glad to be here in Vancouver and get things started off here on this Monday morning here in the tenam voices we have regular programming every day that we&#8217;re here we have regular programming uh we have programs every hour on the hour and we&#8217;ll be starting our day this morning hearing a little bit about Yakama history and culture so please join us for that</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/jeff-olsen/">Jeff Olsen, National Park Service, Opening Ceremony Remarks</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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		<title>Sam Robinson on Chinook history, culture, and federal recognition</title>
		<link>https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-11280503tmb/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:36:08 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://research.lewisandclarktrust.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-11280503tmb/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>A recording from the Tent of Many Voices collection.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-11280503tmb/">Sam Robinson on Chinook history, culture, and federal recognition</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>well good afternoon and welcome to the tent of mini voices and core of Discovery 2 uh core Discovery 2 is a national traveling a multi agency Federal exhibit about the Lewis and Clark expedition it has a a partnership among many different federal agencies see many of them listed on the stage here the national parks service is the lead agency and those of us you see in uniform that are traveling with as exhibit work for the National Park Service what we do here in the ten many voices is we bring in a wide variety of presenters to share with us some different aspects of that Lewis and Clark expedition 200 years ago but also to look at the history and culture of all those various American Indian nations that we&#8217;re living here for thousand thousands of years before the arrival of Ls and Clark any the other Europeans or european Americans and we have with us a representative of one of those American Indian nations we have Sam Robinson he is chinuk he&#8217;s a chinuk council member and he is a longtime resident of Clark County he&#8217;s also involved in the Planning and Building of a let&#8217;s say for me one more time cotal plank house cotal plank house and he is going to talk and share with us some of the history and culture of the chinuk people so let&#8217;s give him a warm welcome here to the tanam voices behind my name&#8217;s Sam Robinson my father was Scott Robinson his mother was Dora Clark her mother was Annie Hawks her her father was John Hawk and his father was Tom Hawk huwel who who was a signer of the 1851 Treaty I like to I like to say this because uh um you know in Indian culture we really take a lot of pride of tracing back our history because for a long time in in Indian Country we were forced to forget a lot of our history so I like to talk about that who who were the who were the chinuk people you know the chinuk people they existed on this Columbia River out here and uh um oh these are some of my snapshots I thought I&#8217;d entertain you guys with anyway the chinuk people that existed along the Columbia River all the way from the Dows to the mouth of the Columbia River down the tilok up into the wiipop there was there was about 11 11 different tribes along the way and some of them you probably heard of you know up in the Northern Area you know the Wasco the click attack the molomo the wamit and the Cascades and a lot of those tribes were seated through treaties to uh uh to the warm up to the Warm Springs and and in the aamon and down into Grand Ron I myself today as a council member for the CH Nation I represent the uh the five Lower River tribes the clat the cath lamut the wiipop W kayak and the lower chinuk people we have about 2500 members there today the chinuk people they&#8217;re they were pretty dominant to the Columbia River they they lived in plank houses because of the uh uh they didn&#8217;t have to travel the river provided for them it provided smelt it provided sturgeon and steel head it provided Transportation so we hung along the river and we made our domain in the river it was uh one of the uh quotes that I like to use is Dr Steven Beckham from Louis and Clark College was our ethnic historian and he he uh did an interview for an article in the Seattle PI it made me proud when he said that uh the chinuk people were the the oceans of America you know because we knew how to uh manage that River just like the Pharaohs did their River and we have many many of uh Chiefs that along the river that that controlled it you know the Chiefs such as casino and and tomcin you know pre contact you know with the chinuk people you know we uh we were powerful back then because we did a lot of trade off the river to Indian tribes that were uh up in the desert area would come down and get fish oil that we had prepared and uh um and traded we traded for elk and and so forth and down to cotal Village down there it was thought that uh um Dr Ken Ames from Portland State thought that uh from their findings that the chinuk people were probably manufacturing armor made out of el tiddes and there was trading that as far as Northern California so there&#8217;s a vast trade going on in you know with the chinuk people and then Captain gray in uh uh Captain gray came into the river and then the whole new world of trade opened up for us you know and all of a sudden we&#8217;re getting things like iron and copper and and of beads and things that uh people definitely would want outside of our area so we were controlling all that Commerce in and out of the river and the chinuk the chinuk nation or the chinuk chinookan people along the river became so popular that other tribes outside the area would actually want to uh uh want to uh marry their daughters into the tribe for the endowments because there was large endowments that were arranged amongst the CH people so they would actually flatten their daughter&#8217;s heads flatten them back so that they would look Chinook and and to make them more appealing to the Chiefs so they could trade him their daughters into the into the tribe so they could have that connection with all the power that was going up and down the river and then of course in by the time Le lwis and Clark came in we&#8217;ve already been doing a lot of trading you know so when Lewis and Clark came in and they said you know we looked at these guys and they didn&#8217;t look any different than anybody else you know the other people were coming up the river the only thing differ these people were going down the river then actually they looked a little pathetic you know and they didn&#8217;t really have anything we wanted you know they came down and they were they were pretty down on their last maybe 10% of trade items and so forth and and it was just uh he didn&#8217;t have anything we wanted you know so we just kind of let him go on by you know by the time went to by Ridgefield you know a cotal village there The Village had 14 plank houses um but maybe about 800 people living there and we were wearing BB overalls and British jackets and we had Firearms you know so we were pretty seasoned to the trade but we didn&#8217;t let them start you know they got they got hunkered down in that dismal Niche and they thought it was the end of the world you know for four or five days or were hunkered down there and they kept many attempts to get around that uh around the dismo niche you know and uh they thought it was the end of it and then all of a sudden a chief from the C Lam Chinooks comes paddling across the river he&#8217;s standing in his canoe and he&#8217;s coming to trade give him food and uh they they just they couldn&#8217;t believe it you know first thing they thought that the canoes were magical and I tell you from my experience I think those canoes do take care of us I&#8217;ve been out in that Columbia River in our canoes and I have a lot of faith in in in in those canoes there&#8217;s one of ours that&#8217;s sitting out there right now and it&#8217;s they&#8217;re beautiful we hope to have some larger ones here you soon but so you know we talked them in the movie moving over to for cl you know they made that famous decision down there at the station Camp whether to move back up here to Stevenson or move down there to where for clot up is and they chose for clup that might have been their mistake because they got they got a little moist down there but you know we we we made sure that they they stayed alive and we we we fed them well and and when when of course when they left they signed over the fort to the chin people you know so uh um Lewis and Clark you know back then you know we we help them out today they helped us out you know I mean it was probably about four or 5 years ago we didn&#8217;t realize if we&#8217;re going to even participate in this whole entire commemoration um Council we had a tough decision to make what are we going to do you know and my my thoughts were to the council I was new on the council so I was a new voice uh was that one thing that the Lewis and Clark can give back to us is enlightened people on the plight of the chin people let everybody know where the chin people stand today and where our battle&#8217;s been for the last 33 years and so forth so there was something to be had you know and still the decision hadn&#8217;t been made yet so one day we put a canoe out on the water and it was it was uh weather kind of like this maybe not quite as cold but windy not rainy but windy and choppy down to mouth Columbia River we heard there were some reenactors that going to make a trial run down the river and there Scott Mandrell and his people so we&#8217;re curious we&#8217;re curious about those people and um when we did uh we waited in they waited in the river had a couple fish we were going to gift our elders they never came and then we get word hey they&#8217;re already on the beach they overturned their canoe about 20 mi up the river and they gave up so we came and we gifted them a fish you know and it was it was kind of a uh they didn&#8217;t expect anybody nobody came along and gifted them anything so they weren&#8217;t prepared to give back because it&#8217;s always traditional to give both ways and uh gifted them the fish they had no way to prepare it so we had an elder there he&#8217;s about 82 years old George leran pulls out a little pocket knife and he fets that fish out and Cooks it right on the beach for them and that at that time he had this bond with Scott Mandrell you know and Scott gets back to St Louis and he starts writing out he wanted to know who this George leren was and want to know where he lived and so forth and so George uh they finally got a hold of George and they when they kicked off in St Louis they FLW George and his wife Millie who makes wonderful baskets uh back to uh St Louis and uh it came time it came time for Jefferson to hang the medal on on Lewis there and stopped portraying Lewis uh stopped him and said George loger get in the crowd and he gives gied that metal to George and so there&#8217;s that Bond today and then then they made a trip to Bay Center and they picked up a little canoe called Little Wolf that Georgia carved out for his grandchildren and uh um little wolf they took Little Wolf and Little Wolf followed them all the way down the trail until it got to the plank house and then they gifted it back to George and Millie then and then so little wolf made the entire journey and little Wolf&#8217;s over up on the porch today you know it&#8217;s a great little canoe George&#8217;s got three other canoes in the works but they&#8217;re almost as long as the stage right now 82 years old and he&#8217;s still cares you know so and he&#8217;s also got he&#8217;s running cattle out there in Bay Center too it&#8217;s it&#8217;s just a great you know it was a great bond that we made that day and then we decided to move forward with the Lewis and Clark event and um and it has it has it every every place we go you know every place we put our canoes in the water people are happy to see us and then we we we feel good you know and then when we tell people of of of the uh of the tribe you know in in our in our plight well let me explain to you what you&#8217;re seeing here but I was just going to put this up here for you guys to see as a backdrop I&#8217;ll explain to you this is one of our ceremonies that you know in the last 5 years we decided we need to start bringing back our culture this particular ceremony here is our first fish ceremony and when you when you bring that first Salon into the river there&#8217;s certain ways you need to prepare it and there&#8217;s certain ways you need to treat the fish you know you uh you bring the fish up and one of the elders kicks the fish to kill the fish and then the children there they&#8217;re Fe putting berries in the fish&#8217;s mouth and feeding the fish and you honor the fish and then you cook him and everybody eats the eats from that fish and then when you&#8217;re done eating that fish you put it back into the river you put the bones back into the river and that allows that fish to go back out to the into the ocean and let all the other salmon know what kind of respect that you&#8217;ve treated him with and they&#8217;ll come up the river too some strange things have occurred you know we we&#8217;ve taken those bones out into the river in our canoes and you put them back into the water and we generally go out there on an incoming Tri tide so the water&#8217;s always coming up the river so we don&#8217;t get sucked out into the ocean and we&#8217;ve gone out there and you lay down the bones they&#8217;re on some cedar bowels and they&#8217;re floating there in the water you&#8217;re just taking and lay it down well one year we just set it down and those bones just shot out like a rocket right back out to the ocean and the wildlife they&#8217;re always around us too you know the eagles they come and check us out and the sea lions and the salmon so I think you know uh nature itself understands that the you know people are out there again and they really uh they they they like that we like that too this particular here is the opening of uh William Clark park it was a it was a great day and well how would you keep put it in anyway so so anyway so we we we decided to come out and we decided to go ahead and participate with certain LS and Clark events there were some of them that we couldn&#8217;t because of the politics of it but uh um but uh in real reality I I was um my cousin and I we we put it up to vote that we would come in the court too and and tell the story and the council voted to allow us to do that you know and today you know um today one of our biggest battles for the tribe is to uh is to uh battle for federal recognition um um in 1963 1967 we uh we were going to go for some uh some aid for a few of our elders that needed some some Medical Aid and the federal government came up and told us you know U what you what are you talking about you&#8217;re not a ferally recognized tribe anymore we&#8217;re like what are you what are you talking about well there was a head of the diaa that decided he would go ahead and swipe over 100 tribes off the list of recognized tribes and us being a landless tribe was it was a pretty easy pick you know for them even though it took an Act to Congress to uh take us away and that never occurred but meanwhile they were they were gracious enough to uh create a process for you to go through to become recognized again and so we we went through that process for 26 years and uh only only to be turned down and then right at the end of a uh right at the end of the Bush Administration Kevin gr saw it in himself to uh take take a look at those the recommendations that were being placed upon his desk because he didn&#8217;t believe that the research was done properly and he had actually hired an attorney to go through all the paperwork and they looked through all the paperwork and he called our Council back there and he said I want your Council to come back to DC I want you to be back here in 24 hours and I want you not to tell anybody that you&#8217;re coming so it was a great day you know uh they went back there and had a big ceremony and people came in down from the house and the Senate and everything to witness the signing of the the chinuk recognition and then we uh my granddaughter and then we went to a uh a 90-day appeal process and uh with that on the 89th day of the 90-day appeal process on our federal recognition the corol tribe decided that they would go ahead and appeal appeal us and uphold our recognition and um so we we appealed it we won the appeal and then the qus stated nine questions to Gail Norton on whether the process was even a good process to begin with and upheld it again for another year and a half well Gary Johnson our chairman happened to be back in Washington DC about 3 days before Neil uh mcb&#8217;s decision to uh whether to carry on with a recognition or not and he was there to kick off the Lewis and Clark and there was only three chair three chairmans from three tribes back there so we thought that this was this was a great sign for us that out of all these tribes that were along the trail that car was back there with George and Laura Bush having lunch only only 3 days before the decision came at the end of uh at the end of the uh week about 4:30 Gary&#8217;s getting on the plane to come back and uh he gets a call from the the Bia and the B told they told him as they were close the doors that they turned us down so today this this lady right here she raised my my uh my uncle down on Goose Point Goose Point is a small village in Bay Center it was over over the over the uh Bluff it was down in some swamp land and uh the reason there was a village in goo Goose Point there is because we we refused to sign a few of the treaties some of our treaties were ratified therefore they they forced us off the rivers to hide from the from the military and when we went down onto the when we went down onto the uh uh into the wiip we had to hide in lands that nobody else wanted anyway but the good story about this one is that Philip might He he&#8217;ll be speaking here in a couple weeks he he was raised by chicha his grandmother there and he didn&#8217;t even speak English until he was 5 years old and went in the kindergarten but he still remembers you know ch and and living down on Goose Point and have a happy life you know it was a good life for him it was you know and he learned how to respect the land and he definitely uh she kept him working hard you know chopping firewood and and everything going there that&#8217;s my great great great grandmother Catherine George she was a wealthy person she&#8217;s wearing a lot of detali in there she&#8217;s got a nice fourpoint huts and B blanket on that&#8217;s that&#8217;s my grandmother I was unfortunate I never was able to meet her but anyway so um you know we we we battle ahead but you know as a tribe for recognition but we we also we&#8217;re proud we&#8217;re not waiting we&#8217;re not waiting for things you know I mean the triy we&#8217;re trying to bring back our culture things such as Lewis and Clark such as the plank house you know uh really helped us bring back a lot uh the thing about the plank hous is you know all of a sudden now you&#8217;re starting to learn how to uh uh use cedar again you know making Cedar houses you know making Cedar headbands you know gas GA in and so forth you know because the chunuk people that they were they were heavy on the Gathering they made they they used uh Spruce root from the spruce trees to weed baskets and that that Spruce Roots would swell up and and make you water type baskets so that you could cook in you know cedar cedar was the Tree of Life Cedar provided you with clothing in the inner bark you could weave clothing you could make canoes um you could uh make plank houses you could also uh uh they used it for diapers for their babies you know so I mean um there there was a a lot given from the earth there the plank house is a beautiful project I don&#8217;t know if many of you have been out there it&#8217;s over in Ridgefield at the Wildlife Refuge but a lot of a lot of heart and soul went into went into that building to build this this the replica I well I don&#8217;t even like to call it a replica anymore I just call it the most modern chip PL house today cuz there was so much life in a plank house you know I mean the family&#8217;s been gather in there during the winter and each house each house was actually a um you had a head of a household in there and there could be 60 to 100 people living in that house and he was responsible for the Health and Welfare of all those people in that house so he would live on the wealthy end of the house you know and uh he uh he was took care of everybody from his immediate family down right on down to the slaves you know that have been taken in from other tribes and it was warm it was cozy there was a lot going on there a lot of Storytelling there a lot of basket you being made maybe could be Nets that were being made from netts or uh a lot of stones and so forth to be pecked to make fishing wngs but we lived on the river therefore water water was everything you know we had no need to move off from the river and today we still would like to be stay on the river but a lot of our ceremonies like I said a lot of our ceremonies are first fish ceremonies we&#8217;re bring like naming ceremonies we got three canoes that we&#8217;ve named just recently uh we hope to get more canoes on the water uh we&#8217;re we&#8217;re putting together a canoeing Society with grand Ron because there&#8217;s a lot of chimin people in the grand Ron from this Middle River area and they&#8217;re recent they&#8217;re right now they&#8217;ve got a 35ft canoe in the works and and we hope to uh build a 36t CU we want to have a bigger one and um we we just recently paddled the paddle to ilwa you know it was our first time to being in the paddle and we paddled uh uh 9 days a little over 110 miles up through up through the sound and next year um we plan on paddling our second year we&#8217;re going to paddle to maau and uh we uh the shortest route seems to be up the coast but I don&#8217;t know if feno allow us to land on their Beach or not so we&#8217;ll probably end up going up through the sound but uh it&#8217;s great you know it&#8217;s a great to be able to stop in every one of those Villages and you&#8217;re accepted onto their shorelines and they they feed you and and there&#8217;s a lot of drumming and dancing and just it&#8217;s it&#8217;s just a great and then you pick up the next morning it might be 4:00 in the morning you start paddling again and you&#8217;re tired by the time you reach the shores but they take care of you again and you do this day after day until you reach your final destination and then they usually have about a three or four day party going on there today we exist down in Chinook down in the coast we we&#8217;ve existed in a uh I believe is about a 1926 School building uh we able to they&#8217;ve been able to provide us with a space down there for the last 33 years one of the hard things is right now is I know the school the school uh District down there wants to get rid of that building um they they don&#8217;t want to turn it over to a large developer U they&#8217;re hoping that the tribe can somehow come up with some monies to buy it but we don&#8217;t have the money so we&#8217;re hoping that we can work out some kind of a long-term lease with them it&#8217;s not much we just had a commemoration event down there a couple weeks ago uh four days we&#8217;ve had a lot of free salmon dinners and and we did some drumming and ceremonials and talked about our culture and our past and history and it it was it was a great time had a lot of friendly faces come down we had a lot of people from up here a lot of people that I see up here every day came down to visit us and and uh just to just for people to come down and say hey w wow this is how you exist you guys deserve a little bit better than this and we said well this is just we&#8217;re we&#8217;re glad to have this right now we move forward you know I&#8217;ve had people come up to me and say well chin you&#8217;re chin you got a casino I said no that&#8217;s not us we don&#8217;t have a casino in fact we voted in 1999 not to go into gaming you know had we had we voted going into gaming we may be fly recognized today but we we we didn&#8217;t want to sell our souls to to become fly recognized we thought there was a better way to do that um but then then people are just just ODed by the fact that the you know the chin tribe is not a fairly recognized tribe because most of them say hey I&#8217;ve read about you in school you know and sure you&#8217;re still there you you&#8217;re in the journals you got to be around you know the Louis and Clark journals you know I said yeah you know but but we&#8217;re not we&#8217;re not we&#8217;re working our way back I said it may take a a federal lawsuit or it may take a bill from Congress you know so I always promote the fact that if you see your Congressional people your Senators to you know lobby lobby for that chinuk recognition and I think with this Lewis and Clark this whole Lewis and Clark scenario it&#8217;s really uh brought a light to the to that fact and more people are putting a little more pressure on the politicians it seem like politicians a little more apt to talk to us nowadays so I we really appreciate any of that that you can do for us we did a reenactment with a lady Washington out in Baker Bay and it was it was a beautiful day and they they they FL flew our F flag for us all the way up from uh Oregon all the way up into Baker Bay any day in the out on the canoe is a great day and any day drumming is a great day also we&#8217;re going to be doing a reenactment this Saturday too um prob about 12:00 out here by uh by Hong and Larry we&#8217;re going to do a reenactment with one of the long boats from Lady washingon do a trade reenactment weather providing of course weather probably won&#8217;t bother us too much we don&#8217;t mind the rain you not too bad that there is at uh chinuk Point down there by Fort Columbia um there&#8217;s a Cove down in there where people used to sit down inside the cove and wait to watch the ships come up into into the mouth of the Columbia River so they could go out and trade trade was trade you know I mean we could like it refer to the trade and how we controlled the trade once once the first ship came through and we realized that they wanted they wanted those Furs we started stuffing those plank houses full with Furs you know and we start trading with the other tribes and really bringing them in there and in the plank houses there was there would be trenches or storage facilities dug underneath the bunks or Hind to the floor so um when Lou and Clark Ste into the plank houses for the first time down there at capotal they didn&#8217;t see a whole lot going on as far as storage but there was a lot of stuff stored on the floor that they didn&#8217;t see and uh so we would fill those plank houses full and trade out and build that Empire one of the one of the sad stories is that uh in about the 1850s</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-11280503tmb/">Sam Robinson on Chinook history, culture, and federal recognition</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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		<title>Pat Jones on Lewis and Clark Bicentennial at Omaha Nation</title>
		<link>https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/pat-jones/</link>
		
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		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:36:08 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://research.lewisandclarktrust.org/tent-voices/pat-jones/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>A recording from the Tent of Many Voices featuring Pat Jones.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/pat-jones/">Pat Jones on Lewis and Clark Bicentennial at Omaha Nation</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Al got got four of make sure secur well be here all day long we can take up the slack on this take her back we got we&#8217;ve got a fourth one right we have a fourth one we we have a fourth row okay you&#8217;re going to have to do three take Mo this one over here this you brought four ropes up or did drop sry this this beautiful country up here to Rolling Hills yeah power uncover got get for recover oh know hey he again day over ho love down hey cor three cheers to the Maha Nation J off pil secure your pil facing to the left hey out right ready step you h okay are we going to do that we&#8217;d like to invite everyone to come on in and have a seat we have a little presentation that is going to continue so please morning my name is Pat Jones and I&#8217;m the chief of interpretation for the L Park National Historic Trail and for the cor Discovery te project I&#8217;d like to welcome you this morning here to the T of many voices I HED you enjoyed the short ceremony we had here this morning uh doing a reagin of a flag raising that occurred fairly near here over 200 years ago and you&#8217;ll hear a little bit more about that uh historical event here shortly but we have some presentations that we would like to do and some individual that I would like to introduce you to but first of all I would like to thank the Omaha people for our wonderful visit here it was way too short we&#8217;ve only been here for uh less than a week though we have been on and off the reservation uh meeting with individuals everything from organizing a wonderful hand game that we had on Sunday evening to uh planning the events that you&#8217;ve seen over the last couple days so the National Park Service is very grateful to the Omaha people from W welcoming us into their uh community and into their homes and I think we&#8217;ve made a lot of wonderful friends here um I would particularly like to uh thank wona sere who has been one of our main contacts here and organizing this event as well as Pierre mer who I don&#8217;t think is with us this morning but uh he is uh busy getting ready for the Sundance that is coming up uh so he&#8217;s got his hands full both trying to organize the events here and other things that are going on in the community so um and what I would like to do now is uh introduce those of you that don&#8217;t know him uh give an opportunity to uh make some remarks uh the chairman of the tribal council for the alah tri Donald gr cool I want to thank everybody for being here today um the relatives and among people you know maybe some I don&#8217;t know right off that are visiting here from the city I apologize for that for not knowing you um you it&#8217;s always a an honor to be treated as well as we have by the park service and by geted with all these soldiers and everything it was also you know honor to watch what happened there you know something that uh took place it&#8217;s part of our history 200 years ago and so I think I can speak for all the M that are here that we one of the very few tribes that have never been removed from their Homeland this is our original Homeland you can he over you know 300 years so I think that&#8217;s really says something about how we&#8217;ve survived and how we&#8217; succeeded for all these years and I think uh the people that have more knowledge of our and our culture and everything should be up here and I I kind of feel misplaced up here but I think we have a lot of individuals in here that you can visit and we tell you about not only our spirituality but our real Heritage as as it&#8217;s grown through all these years these of these individuals that were presenting up here seeing and are part of that and they&#8217;ve carried it on through all these years with their ancestors as well so I think it speaks well not only our pres people but our our ancestors you know that they have enough time took enough time to hand all these things down to family generation to generation so I&#8217;m really grateful for that again before I closer I would like to also mention that we&#8217;re crating our 200 uh years of power and that&#8217;s going to be on through the 26th August 26th through 29th so anybody&#8217;s in the area you know your more wel to come down and see some our original dances with that I I&#8217;ll close I to thank everyone the Park Service Pat all her staff Adam and I just met and say a real special thanks for the prayer that was given by one of our ERS thank you for that and really nice hear you want to thank you for thank you we have been blessed here in the Ten of many voices with numerous representatives from the Omaha people who have come and shared their stories with us and with the general public we&#8217;ve had a significant number of Elders of the community who have come down and spent time with us um Pier mer who I mentioned earlier Joy how have actually traveled to other locations where this exhibit has been and U Rufus white and his wife Maxine were us when we were down in in Omaha and we have just been uh very fortunate to have them come and share their stories uh with us in the tenament voices uh it&#8217;s a significant part of what this project is all about is to give a voice to uh the tribal people during this CL intentive commemoration and with that I would like to introduce you now to the superintendent for the Louisa Clark National Historic Trail Steve thank you p uh I would like members of the Park Service staff and the Legacy staff who can come up and join come up here now gr human uh chairman Durant and members of the Omaha Nation I&#8217;d like to Echo Cat words thank you so much for hosting us and for taking us into your community uh life Centennial simply would not be any event worth undertaking without the voices people from the first Na and they want to express our for you&#8217;re allowing us to come here with that okay we&#8217;re going to turn this over to Captain RS I&#8217;m going to go without the microphone it kills the pictures they give us enough trouble about having Motors on the boat Steve what a little microphone first of all I&#8217;d like to thank uh chairman Grant uh for something that was very important to us is and we&#8217;re going to have a presentation a little later this morning talking about the discovery Expedition but one of the great things that&#8217;s happened with the discovery Expedition as we&#8217;ve moved across the country has been the fact that we&#8217;ve been able to help communities from the very from Washington DC all the way to the St Louis area last year celebrate not only commemorate not only the vice IAL but celebrate their own Heritage and their own communities along the way and that&#8217;s something that&#8217;s been very important to us is while we&#8217;re commemorating Lewis and Clark and this journey that took place 200 years ago we are excited about the opportunity to celebrate the communities and the people who we encounter along the way and there and and while this overall Bicentennial is a commemoration and we want to make that distinction the people along the way need to celebrate their Heritage and and the pride that they have in their communities and their people and we are so pleased to continue that tradition as we move into Indian country and we&#8217;re very excited about the prospect um that flag that went up this morning on that pole up there there are two flags there one was a pennant flag that was typical of those used by the core during this period 200 years ago and the other is the tribal flag of the Maha people today and if you notice they&#8217;re flying together up there and that&#8217;s significant because 200 years ago two cultures met two distinct and fully realized cultures met one another and came together near this place to to find some middle ground and to communicate with one another and when they came to that meeting they came as proud and independent peoples on both sides so those flags are flying up there today together and co-equal and we&#8217;re very proud of that and as you may know two members of the original Expedition were of a Maha extraction leish and crat and despite the fact that kisat would later shoot Captain Lewis in the rear end we don&#8217;t hold that against and we want to honor both of those members of the Expedition and uh one of the things that we&#8217;re proud to do is as we leave here today we were very flattered to be presented by the chairman with that flag to fly here today and when we leave here that flag will fly on our red perog as we move through this traditional homeland of the imaha people to both uh indicate our regard for your people today and recognition of your Sovereign Nation status as well as to recognize those the the heritage of those two individuals who served with distinction on this Expedition 200 years ago in service of what would become all of our country one day and we&#8217;re so proud to do that and with that in mind chairman Grant if I could ask you to come up 200 years ago when the core came by much of the cargo they were carrying on the K boat was intended for use with negotiations with Native people it&#8217;s important to remember that a lot of times we put this Louisiana Purchase in the perspective of a purchase that we bought something outright and fact fact what happened was we acquired from France the right to negotiate a relationship with the native nations that existed in this territory and part of the purpose of this mission was to negotiate those relationships and regardless of what came afterwards it is my strong belief and I know it&#8217;s the strong belief of the membership of our organization that that expedition from 1804 through 1806 moving across the interior of this nation that the Expedition under the command of Captain&#8217;s Lewis in Captain Clark was one of peace and friendship a promise of hope for the future of people working together to a common goal and history has given us all twists and terms but we are here today as the discovery expedition to reiterate the message of the first expedition on of peace and friendship and a hope for shared Commerce and mutual benefit as we move forward into the 21st century and a new day as we help to restore the hoop of trust between our people thank you chair with that in mind I&#8217;m going to let cther Clark present a couple of items that would have been typical on the original Expedition and these are gifts to you sir as well as to your people as a whole this is this is a replica of the Jefferson P metal that was carried by the core of Discovery it has an image of President Jefferson on one side and the message of peace and friendship on the other with the clasp hands the cross pipe and Tomahawk chairman Grant my privilege chairman Grant this is a traditional Pye tomahawk in peace and friendship we would like to present pipe Tomahawk and traditional bag while these items are are for you to hold to but we want you to know that these are extended to the to the Oma people as a whole but uh we know how hard that any politicians life is and that at some point in the day you probably are on the weekend want to go fishing or hunting or get away and do something for your own self and this is a personal gift for you sir that we&#8217;d like you to use with in good health and enjoy it in whatever Endeavor you may decide to use it in and this is a this is a hunting knife made by a member of actually a friend of our organ organization who makes these by hand as is the hawk pipes that you have there these are made by folks who are involved with our organization as we try to keep the traditional skills of our people alive and that&#8217;s becoming increasingly difficult for all of us to keep our traditional skills alive but uh this again is a personal gift to you sir and we hope that you&#8217;ll use it in good health thank you very much four three cheers for Thea hipip hipip hipip private deing H CH ground your p we and last but not least it&#8217;s only fitting since you gave us a flag that we would give you one this is the 15st star 15 stripe flag that flew over the boats of the Expedition when they arrived here 200 years ago today and despite the fact that your people were out hunting and many of them were gone and may not have had the opportunity to see that flag 200 years ago we&#8217;d like you to have one now to keep in your a gift from us to you all and uh we want you to when you look at this to think of us the discovery of condition of St Charles Missouri and we want to assure that assure you that you have friends on the trail who are continuing to tell the story of the M people as we move across this country and we want people to know that your nation is alive and well and prosperous and each day has a brighter future thank you thank you I don&#8217;t talk CU L as white people thank you for all the pr gifts you honored us I&#8217;d like to mention yesterday they had some Elders sitting up there and telling their stories about their their lives and I don&#8217;t think uh there was one of them that didn&#8217;t say they were real proud to be Omaha so that&#8217;s how I feel right now very very thank you very as Captain Lewis mentioned 200 years ago when the core of Discovery came to the homelands of Maha it was with a message of peace and friendship and it is that that same message that we share today and with the discovery Expedition and with all those involved in the bicentennial uh we look forward to 2006 and Beyond to look back and talk about what our Legacy is what what the legacy is that we left after our adventure our core of Discovery Across the Nation and we hope in fact at this point I think we know that it will be a legacy of peace and friendship and that events like this brought our communities and our nation closer together and our Legacy will be one of coming closer together as a nation as an American family and it is is it&#8217;s an honor to stand here today and a privilege where my ancestors stood with your ancestors and to be a part of making that Legacy become a reality thank you chairman it&#8217;s an honor to be here ladies and gentlemen on behalf of National Park Service and the and discovery Expedition St Charles thank you for coming to our event this morning and also on behalf of the Oma Nation um our next program here in the tend to many voices going to start very briefly Captain Lewis Captain Clark Scott Mandell and K bu Clark Discovery Expedition St Charles we&#8217;ll be talking a little bit about the Journey of the second core of Discovery momentarily and I want to thank you for coming to our opening event this morning and hope you enjoy the rest of your time here with our core of Discovery too ladies and Gentlemen please come join us uh our 11:00 program is about to begin and I&#8217;d like to thank you all for coming out this morning we&#8217;ve got a beautiful day nice little breeze blowing and uh we&#8217;re very happy with the temperatures we are part of the National Park traveling exhibit the Lewis and Park traveling exhibit and we are following along in the footsteps of Louis Park and stopping in towns and cities and reservations along the way to talk about the ls and Clark Story and when we talk about the Lewis and Clark Story it&#8217;s not just their story it&#8217;s a story of Lewis and Clark the men that went with them the woman that accompanied them on this journey and of all of the peoples they met along the way so hopefully our tent of many voices is a place where all of these voices can be heard and shared to tell the entire Lewis and Clark Story and the stories of those people who have followed them Andross this land as well so welcome to our traveling Exhibit while you&#8217;re here take time to go over and visit our exhibit tent there&#8217;s a 35 minute audio tour you can do of the exhibit we have our scale model keelboat and our PLS Indian TP out in the front so you can see some of the artifacts that Lewis and Clark would have seen on their Journey that were used by the Plains Indians of that time so today let&#8217;s go ahead and get started with our program and we&#8217;d like to thank you for joining us and we&#8217;ll have Scott Mandell and pton Bud Clark here to talk about the Journey of the second core of Discovery so I&#8217;ll turn it over to you all thank you we don&#8217;t have to hold anything great well thank you all I I probably most of the people sit here a number of people already know about who we are there&#8217;s a lot of small crowd but we we want to let you hear the story of our organization um the planning for the vi Centennial has been going on for a long time I guess by a lot of different people people who uh all across the country who had some different connection to the story or whatever and some places in excess of 30 years people have been anticipating this Bicentennial which is really the bicentennial of New West as many people have referred to it it&#8217;s the vice Centennial of everything west of the Mississippi River with regard to the United States of America as a nation and uh one of the individuals who was keenly interested in taking steps to prepare for the vi Centennial was a man by the name of Glenn bishop and Glenn and Bishop was from St Charles Missouri and he was a contractor and businessman and among other things he was an antique boat hobbyist and he had built wooden boats in the past and sort of thing it had a real love for boats and particularly old boats Wooden Boats and had built a couple and uh living in St Charles Missouri in 1979 I actually had the privilege in 1979 when I was a little kid of uh of attending the very first Lewis and Clark uh Heritage Days event that took place there 25 years ago in that town and from that time on roughly uh there was a deep commitment in the community of St Charles to tell their story as it related to the overall expedition in in this chapter in American history and one of the things that frustrated Glenn very much was the fact that despite the fact that in Clark&#8217;s field notes from Wood River there had always been available to anyone who wanted to go and look and see but there was a an image of the kilbo that Clark had drawn in his field notes and yet everywhere you went across the country every sign for Lewis and Clark had two guys in skin caps in a birch bark canoe paddling up the Missouri River and this really irritated Glen he was a kind of he was a mild mannered guy but there was one thing that was a bur under a saddle blanket it was it was this image of two guys in skin caps in a Birch Park canoe so he decided that in an attempt to set the record straight that he would build a model of the original Kel booat so people would have an understanding of what this vessel was like and you have to remember that 200 years ago the largest vessel that had ever plied the Missouri River was the kilb that L and Clark had taken with them this was this was a massive BFF by comparison to to anything else that been up there there were 50 foot canoes but they were dogouts and things like that and there were there were large boats but nothing like this on this order so he built the model of it and in 1982 kind of showed it to the world as it were and and people were very excited they thought it was neat and that model still exists and it&#8217;s really quite beautiful and all but it was a 1 in to 1T scale so even though it was 50 5 in Long which is pretty pretty big model it did not heat though communicate in full the scope of what this vessel was like and particularly it did not communicate what this boat looked like moving on the water and if you haven&#8217;t seen our boats you should they really are quite spectacular when they move on the water and so he decided to actually start constructing a replica of the first boat based upon field Nots from Clark and Wood River based upon good information from the uh Maritime Museum smithonian Institute and he studied a great deal about boats that were common and typical at that time the man who built the original boat for Lewis we believe is a man by the name of John Walker and there was a great deal of information about John Walker who was a boat right on the 9 Hill River and using this very good research and having been both a carpenter in his own right as well as a boat right he was able to bring a lot of common practical understanding of what was needed to make this boat operational and that sort of thing so he started working in 1983 on building this boat in his backyard if you&#8217;re not aware a boat has to be boats like this are built upside down well it&#8217;s a 55 ft long structure that&#8217;s bowed and when he was making the frame of it for the longest time people thought that he was building this wooden Greenhouse in his backyard and he was kind of the object of ridicule in his neighborhood people would kind of laugh at him and thought he was kind of this Ecentric kind of crazy old guy and then one day as the planks went on and it started to look like a boat and he flipped it over then people really started kind of giving him a hard time and kind of foking fun at him because Glenn had a big white beard and they used to sort of make Noah jokes you know and laugh at him that you know his old guy thought he was Noah building his ark that was in the mid 80s late early &#8217;90s then in 1993 we got the great flood and everybody stopped laughing and at any rate in &#8217;96 the boat was finally finished and we took a 1,000m trip from Wood River Illinois to St Joe Missouri and back to St Charles it took us 7 weeks and if it started out it was only going to be a trip from Wood River up to St Charles for the vice or for the for the Heritage Days event and it kind of grew and grew and grew before you know it was 7 weeks in 1,000 miles and it changed many of our lives fundamentally those of us who were involved with the project because we started to see not only the possibilities with regard to the bicentennial but we started to have a much deeper understanding of the Missouri River Corridor and what it represented to us as a nation environmentally historically spiritually even as this this Great River coursed through the interior of our nation and all that all the things that that that commentated to us as a society the Missouri River is more than simply a river it is a it is an idea in many ways and it became a passion for many of us and we had started to plan on what we would do the next year and indeed we started working over the winter on the white pero the first of the two smaller boats and we had that boat all framed out and the last day I worked on that boat was the 30th of January of 1997 on the 31st of January of 1997 Glenn and another CJ Lanahan who&#8217;s been instrumental in our group over the years they did some finishing touch some touchup work on the kbo because that next week we were going to move the kill booat down to the transor Dome down where the Rams played football for a big boat show it was going to be a display item there with all the boats around it and they were doing a little touchup on it on the 31st of January and they left the warehouse that night about 5:00 Glenn got home at about 520 the phone rang and it was the fire department the warehouse had caught on fire and the boat that had taken him 13 years to build with his own hands by himself in about 40 minutes was reduced to ashes it was a terrible terrible thing was a devastating experience for all of us and I remember the next morning standing in the still smoldering Embers of that moat completely for Lor with a tremendous sense of loss because this vote had come to sort of represent what might be and when I asked Glen what are we going to do his response was I was never completely happy with that vote anyway and that was the day and I&#8217;ve said this many times before but that was the day that I truly understood the meaning of undaunted courage if a man could spend 13 years of his life by himself his own money building this thing that he only wanted to give as a gift to the American people by building it if he could experience this tremendous loss and go forward without any without any hesitation that was the kind of character and a man that I had tremendous respect for and I swore my allegiance to him that day quite literally and from that day on our organization actually grew it&#8217;s sort of like sometimes when you cut a tree back or PR a tree back it it grows more hearty and healthy and that&#8217;s what happened with our organization and in countless members of our greater St Louis St Charles Community came forward retired individuals men who had carpentry skills or some other skill and we immediately started working on the fleet of boats because our Dream had grown by that time to build the whole Fleet of boats and we knew that we couldn&#8217;t get the kbo done in one year so we started working on the white perog because we knew that as important as the boats were just like the original Expedition the most important thing on the trip with the men and it was important to train a crew and if we had to wait until the kill boat was done we would lose valuable and precious time training Crews so in 1997 we completed in 6 months the white pero and that year we took that boat from down to Mississippi from St Louis down and up the Ohio to Fort Massac on the Ohio and then in 1998 we built the red boat in about 8 months and that year we took the white and red Pro together from yank from South kot back down to St Charles passed by here that first time in 1998 in 1999 we began work on the kbo the second kbo and now there were many hands to make the labor light and the work went much faster and in addition to working on the kbat we took the two proges in 1999 from Louisville Kentucky down to Fort Massac on the Ohio River and then in 2000 we took the two foges continued work on the kilbo and took the two foges to Elizabeth Pennsylvania we brought them down to manongi hila to the Ohio and down the Ohio to Louisville and then in 2001 the kilbo was finished and we took it up to Pier South Dakota and brought it back to yanes so by 2001 we had trained on the entire water route from Elizabeth Pennsylvania where it began all the way to Pier South Dakota below D and that was a tremendous amount of training we had a very qualified crew by that time in 2002 we were very worried it was only a year away from the bicentennial and we were very concerned about putting our boats in the water and having an accident and then not having time to have them rebuilt for the bicentennial but we wanted to continue to train Crews so we took 30 men in five dugouts five dugouts not Dugout canoes no such thing a Dugout is a Dugout is a dug at it&#8217;s a log and we took five big logs and 30 men from Beacon Rock to the ocean to the mouth of the Columbia River 140 Mi to continue to train those Crews and so we were ready the B Centennial was about to begin and then it kind of dawned on me that Lewis hadn&#8217;t rided a car from herds and ran out to Pittsburgh to get the boat and he had to get there some other way and part of this story is about understanding how vast a nation we are how big a nation we are and how difficult things were for all of our forefathers as they moved across this great continent and I realiz realized that in order for the story to be complete Lewis had to get to Pittsburgh and so last year on the 5th of July I mounted a horse at Washington DC and rode to Pittsburgh Pennsylvania the core gathered in Elizabeth Pennsylvania in August and in August we departed Elizabeth Pennsylvania we came to abang Gila River to the Ohio down the Ohio River to Koo Illinois up the Mississippi to our winter camp at Wood River arriving there on December 12 just as the original core had done day for day mile for mile and then we spent the winter at camp deis and that fellow who had been helping Glenn years before CJ Lanahan he had dedicated the last three years of his life to building a replica of camp deis in Wood River Illinois a working functioning camp deis that would allow us to train there over the winter and learn the skills necessary for what we were embarking on and over the winter we brought men from our organization now up to 250 members strong from 36 different states and we brought them there over the winter and we trained there and we learned infantry skills from the time and that sort of thing we participated in the three Flag Ceremony which changed the The Sovereign flags that flew over St Louis 300 200 years ago on in March when when Spain and France relinquish their claims to Louisiana and then in may we put the boats in the water on the 7th of May and on the 14th of May the same date and the same hour of the original Expedition once again we were underway and we entered the mouth of the Missouri River and we&#8217;ve ascended the Missouri River now 691 miles on a journey that this year will take us 1350 mil to waser North Dakota and Fort Mandan and we will complete those miles in the same time frame that the original Expedition did it is a tremendous honor for us to share sh this story with America but as we talked about today this story is about much more than simply two individuals LS and Clark and for a long time that&#8217;s been the way we referred to this story as Lewis and Clark but Lewis and Clark is like an icon on the desktop of your computer that you never clicked on you know it came with all that preloaded software that you never used and one day you clicked on that icon and all those great applications were in there and you thought wow if I&#8217;d known this was here earlier I would have used it that&#8217;s what Lewis and Clark is like and while it&#8217;s important to tell the story of the many tribes along the way before we even get to the tribes last year one of the big things we had to talk about was the many tribes that comprised the core itself in 1803 this nation was not a homogeneous Nation it wasn&#8217;t a bunch of people who got up in the morning and thought of themselves as Americans there&#8217;s people who got up in the morning and thought of themselves as Virginians and pennsylvanians and new englanders and Kian and tennesseans and they thought about themselves in a very colloquial way yeah they had joined together to fight the British and gain independence and autonomy from the British crown but a Virginia was a Virginia a Pennsylvanian was a Pennsylvanian and there the two would meet unless maybe in the case of the Whiskey Rebellion and when they met there they were on opposite sides this story is about the moment when those East eastern states started to understand that they were part of something bigger and the men who comprised the core of Discovery were not one group of people they were Scots and Irish and Germans and Welsh and French and it was an Eclectic group of individuals to begin with some like Lewis and Clark from the upper class Gentry aristocracy as it were some from the very lowest levels of society poor dirt Farmers from Appalachia people who knew that this Expedition and being on it would change their lives fundamentally if they could go on this trip and come back that they would reap rewards that would change their lives and the family&#8217;s lives it would give them a chance to have a fresh start in the world a chance to have a leg up upward mobility and it was very important for that group of individuals but they were not a common group of individuals and there was a tremendous amount of angst between them which at Wood River we see played out it was very difficult for the captains to bring discipline and order to this group of unruly individuals but they finally did but then LS and Clark even complicated matters further because they went to St Charles and they recruited all of these French batment to help make the trip possible another chapter in the story of America a melting pot that strength is in its diversity leis and Clark bring into the story Frenchmen who are not only French and speak a different language but are Catholic which is a very complex issue in the late 18th and early 19th century and we see the eclecticism and the diversity of this group of people growing day by day as these people join the crew and then ultimately as they make their way across the nation so many times over and over and over again the turning point in success or failure pivots on the assistance that they are given freely and hospitably by the native nations that they encounter along the way and that is the message and the model that this Bicentennial continues to offer us and that we must Embrace and share Across the Nation is that the story of this core of Discovery 200 years ago is a story that reflects the character of America today it is eclectic Multicultural and diverse and that was its strength then and it is the strength of our nation today it is a great honor for us to be able to bring this story to life it&#8217;s a great honor to be here with you today I&#8217;m going to stop talking let Bud say a few words Bud as you know is the great great great grandson of William Clark we have several descendants with us today and it&#8217;s tremendously it&#8217;s a special honor for us to get to serve with them as we move across the country in this exercise but it&#8217;s also magical to be at places where we get to stand next to descendants of the original Expedition once again grasping hands with descendants of those native people who met them for the first time 200 years ago and see evidence that once again there is an opportunity for the promise of Thomas Jefferson to come true that one day we can live in peace and friendship together and this hopefully is the beginning of that age oh thank you thank you Scott as Scott mentioned we do have some uh other descendants here today the uh um Bob if you would stand please Bob Anderson who is a collateral descendant of George Shannon and his grandson Josh Josh lus um Josh is the youngest member of our organization making the entire trip as George Shannon was the youngest member of the original Expedition also Church my cousin Churchill is here the back Churchill is part of our organization planning to make the entire trip um you know I think that very early on as students of Lewis and Clark one of the first things we recognize is that uh perhaps the the title Lewis and Clark expedition is sort of a misnomer I think if I could change any of the written words that uh my ancestor wrote I I would change that title and give it some a name something like uh the core of Discovery Journey Through the lands of the Native Americans because in fact that is exactly what it was and one of the things that that makes this event today so significant and and so important and why we feel so honored to be here is that quite frankly without the the help without the hospitality and the assist of the Native Americans there there&#8217;s a very good chance that I wouldn&#8217;t be standing here we can say with absolute certainty that the Lewis and Clark expedition would not have succeeded how dismal that failure might have been well we&#8217;ll never know because they had the assistance of the Native Americans and it did succeed and as we proceed across the country and travel through the homelands of the Native Americans we hope that there&#8217;ll be many more like days like this one where we can really enjoy coming together as a nation and as we mentioned earlier this morning that&#8217;s that is what we want our Legacy to be it&#8217;s quite straightforward it&#8217;s really quite simple when this is all over we want to stand tall and say we were a part of bringing this nation closer together as a family and we can see that happening on days like today and it&#8217;s magic it&#8217;s really magic I think Scott did you want to yeah like to entertain any questions now I think that&#8217;s probably best because yeah why don&#8217;t we do that we&#8217;d like to answer questions either about the original Expedition if we can if you have interest in something that happened on the original Expedition something about our Expedition something about the boats um just raise your hand we&#8217;ll bring the microphone as you have questions wave to us Angeles on that side I&#8217;m on this side and we&#8217;ll be glad to entertain those questions for you question um maybe I shouldn&#8217;t say do you plan to do this but will you do this will you write a book are you keeping journals as the original Le and Clark did and write a book to compare what they went through as compared to what you are going I uh my journals are online at Lewis and.net um they are you I&#8217;ve been writing journals for this organization for many many years our our previous training exercises were brief so those journals are shorter but I have journaled since last year since I left Washington DC last year that&#8217;s a journal that probably might be a good historical document to compare what happened on a daily basis as far as books go I don&#8217;t know on the 23rd of September 2006 I&#8217;m probably going to put on jeans in a sweatshirt and you know try to think about something else at least for a little while um I know some of the guys are planning on writing book one of the guys actually last night told me that he&#8217;s got a title for his book they&#8217;re all writing books they&#8217;re all talking to agents and Publishers all the time but the uh one of the guys last time told me and sarden pry appreciate this one one of the titles that I heard last night that one of the guys is working on is sweet corn and Anarchy on the Missouri River yes I&#8217;m sure there&#8217;ll be a book out of it I don&#8217;t know whether the market can bear too many more can&#8217;t throw a stick without hitting a new book on leou and Clark you know uh I&#8217;m trying to keep a journal I I have to tell you I I have a newfound admiration for the members of the core Discovery and their diligence in terms of keeping journals men like orway and white house and my ancestor um I don&#8217;t know how after those long tiring days those physically taxing days that are that were were so much much more strenuous than taxing than anything that we experience you know I get falling down tired doing what we do and it&#8217;s nothing in comparison and I find myself thinking that I should be catching up on my journals and it doesn&#8217;t always happen um in terms of publishing something later um I can tell you this I I did inherit one uh trait from my ancestor and that is the ability to spell extremely creatively in fact uh I have the talent and the ability to even stump spell check and get that sort of sinking sensation when I see that message no suggestion so I&#8217;m probably more of a nuts and bolts guy than than an author but I am trying to keep uh keep a journal my kids me about it you got to do it do it for your grandkid and they lay the guilt trip on me then I can&#8217;t sleep at night cuz I know I should be up working on my journals by candle light but anyway um Le are you related to the actual Le that went on Expedition no Mary Mother Lewis did not have any uh legitimate erors now he did have collateral descendants but he did not have a direct descendant however uh we do believe that he may have uh a direct descendant although not recognized not recognized through a formal marriage or anything that he may have had a child with the lower bruy woman when they passed through the bruy Sue uh in in the late September of 1804 that he may have had a child in the spring of&#8217; 05 uh with with her and uh there&#8217;s some speculation about that I am not a descendant of Mary M Lewis however I curiously enough when I was an act Duty in the Army I am an Army soldier and uh when I was on active duty service I&#8217;m in the guard now and the unit that I served on served with when I was at Duty was the unit that evolved out of the very same unit that Mary weather Le served with other questions all right let&#8217;s give them all a big hand thank you very much it&#8217;s our pleasure to have the discovery of St Char with us and to have Scott and Bud with us to talk about the discovery Expedition thank you both so much and thank you all for coming as well we have another program scheduled at 12</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/pat-jones/">Pat Jones on Lewis and Clark Bicentennial at Omaha Nation</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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		<title>Marvin Dawes on the Battle of Little Bighorn and Crow Nation History</title>
		<link>https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-07180602/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Feb 2026 00:36:08 +0000</pubDate>
				<guid isPermaLink="false">https://research.lewisandclarktrust.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-07180602/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>A recording from the Tent of Many Voices collection.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-07180602/">Marvin Dawes on the Battle of Little Bighorn and Crow Nation History</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>e all right thank you first of all I&#8217;d like to say uh good morning how are you all doing this morning fine okay great that&#8217;s great um as I was introduced uh again my name is Marvin dos I&#8217;m with the L cor Battlefield National Monument uh and I&#8217;m with the inter division uh the lead park ranger um the battle A Little Big Horn you know is one of the most talked about battles it&#8217;s one of the most famous battles this battle was a mystery controversial why well you know because from what today that&#8217;s called the Reno Creek to the last than Hill you know there was no survivors there to tell of what happened all 225 soldiers annihilated there but it&#8217;s a accounts and then also uh archaeology in the field of archaeology uh archaeologists that were out here you know their their findings of artifacts you know spend cartrid cases and uh we we put those two together and this is what we assume of what happened on that day uh throughout the summer uh we have programs uh three three topics and those are uh repeated you know throughout the day uh one topic is the battle talk which uh talk about events that led to the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876 uh the Battle of Little Bighorn itself then aftermath of the Battle of Little Big Horn other program we have is a US calvalry Soldier in 1876 uh talks about the soldiers uh in 1876 uh those that were at the battle at the time of uh of the battle uh we talk about their their way of life you know like Hollywood version you know you see uh big tall handsome soldiers you know like John Wayne and uh uh Charleston hon you know big fancy blue uniforms yellow stripes yellow bandana and black hats you know it life life wasn&#8217;t like that with the soldiers back then or the seventh Calvary by the time they reached his area they were pretty well Ted and uh by the way you know back then when uh you wanted to join the calvary as we see again movies you know John Wayne you know back then uh these these two guys would have made it as Calvary soldiers uh because there was a height limit back then when you wanted to join the calvary you couldn&#8217;t be no more than U 5&#8217;8 the average height of the soldier in 1876 the battle little Bigg horn is uh 56 so if you were over 5&#8217;8 you would have made it as a soldier they&#8217;ll send you to the Infantry so these uh two two gentlemen would have made it as Calvary the reason why is because that you know on these campaigns uh the military the Army back then you know the calvary Soldier the horse you know there was a weight limit on that horse with the equipment that they had to carry plus the height the weight of the soldier that&#8217;s why the soldiers were you know not that tall and uh so that&#8217;s what we talk about you know the life the calvary soldier in 1876 the other program is the Indian village uh this program started off with the cultural the ways of the Indians the tribes at the time Orin the area at the time of the battle of borns uh particularly the Plain Indians uh their way of life uh you know at that time the Indian the tribes the Plains Indians you know their their way of life was a buffalo you know the Buffalo was a Mainstay of the tribes at that time the Buffalo that provided them with food shelter you know every every part of that Buffalo was used for something and one of the things that I talked about in this uh Indian Villages you know the tribes that were here at the time of the battle in 1876 a lot of visitors come out and uh the thing that they have on their mind is this Hollywood version of the Battle of Little Big Horn you know cusser on top of the hill saber in one hand and pistol in one hand and thousands and thousands of mounted Warriors circling around him you know it wasn&#8217;t it wasn&#8217;t like that uh it didn&#8217;t counts shine in two moons so we dismounted and we did our fighting on foot once the soldiers or the remaining soldiers reach the top the bullets that were coming from the solders rifles were very deadly it was like humming bees as it wh by it&#8217;s pretty powerful weapon that every Cooling and every Ravine that led up to that hill was full of Warriors we crawled creeped up towards the top every once in a while pop up behind a brush fire up to the top top go down so that&#8217;s how the battle with big horn you know there&#8217;s there&#8217;s so much misconception about this battle and uh as as I mentioned uh the tribes another thing that visitors come out and uh they see the tribes at that time various tribes one of the largest Gatherings of the Plains you know in movies in Hollywood you&#8217;ll see the eve of the battle where these Indians dressed in their finest War paints weapons dancing around a bonfire you know Hooper and harling firing their rifles boom boom you know wasn&#8217;t like that you know this this Gathering is uh 1875 uh ultimum will be sent out to all the tribes they were told that all the tribes that were still roaming the plains they were told that you must return to your agency or reservation if not after January 1st of 1876 we will pursue you so a majority of the tribes uh will return to their agencies or the reservation in the spring six bands under the leadership of Chief syu refus to go back to the agencies on the agencies they will tell the government why should we sign a paper where you tell us you will put us on a land you will provide us with food you will take care of us they said pointing to the ground said This is Our Land and the Animals the deer the analou the elk the Buffalo those our food they provide us with food sheltered and pointing to the skies the heavens the roof over our home said this is our home so with that these bands they they&#8217;ll head out to the PLS as they were called rors so in 1876 America was gearing up for the celebration of the Centennial year you know four the gearing up for the Fourth of July Centennial last thing or least problems or problems that they want us to take care of is the Indian matter Indian policy say we got to these tribes back on the agencies so in 1876 this three military campaign will be lunched so those are tribes that were here and it wasn&#8217;t a gathering a largeest gathering and as Chief syu said last thing on our mind was Warfare even though we knew that we were being pursued by soldiers but for the time being we wanted to roam and hunt the planes freely like like our ancestors so in 1876 his campaign was launched pursuing the six bands of the Sue also the allies and Northern cheyen and handful of rap hole in sting we veed off into the Little Big Horn we knew this was Crow country the old men and women and children grew tired we veed off into the Little Big Horn and this is where the soldiers caught up to us tribes that were here you know questions about the tribes that were here about a year ago uh this gentleman had asked me a a question after my program said um you said you&#8217;re a crow and I said yes sir I&#8217;m I&#8217;m Crow I&#8217;m native of this area and uh also the scouts the other Scouts were ARA and I said yes sir said uh why didn&#8217;t the Crow and the ARA join the Sue and the Cheyenne and fight he said aren&#8217;t you all Indians and I said yes sir well we&#8217;re all Indians said why why why didn&#8217;t they join fight you know traditional enemies you know as far back as history from Revolutionary War war of 1812 and when France England were here they had tribes on their sides as allies but those tribes are traditional enemies in tribal Warfare so at that time the crow Su traditional enemies Crow arapo traditional enemies and Crow and cheyen traditional enemies later the crow shason traditional enemies Crow blackre traditional enemies we had a lot of enemies back then this leads to my uh program the topic of the crow at that time uh here in this area you know the plains the crow uh even though we were also a migratory tribe which we migrated or branched off uh the hia from Missouri Crossing Missouri onto Yellowstone as far as I remember uh through our uh ancestral uh you know uh stories uh that were told to us by our ancestors and as far back as I remember the crow Aboriginal territory at that time as far back as the late 1600s was a present day Milk River area from uh Montana North Dakota area cutting back across uh towards present day uh Glacier Park uh King Mountain Area uh there&#8217;s a lullabi in the crow uh lullabi where uh also a story of a young child uh grandmother who uh seeing a little saying that my child you know born inama Jes King Mountain uh today you know King Mountain Glazer Park so those are the stories that we you know the Lis those know how we know where the curl Aboriginal territory was and then from there straight down to uh Yellowstone present day Yellowstone Park cutting back into Wyoming uh down below Buffalo Thermopolis area then straight over towards black hills and then back up towards the Milk River so that was the Aboriginal territory through oral history of the crow now those names those areas were mentioned in a lot of the oral history and as I mentioned Lis and also songs sacred songs and that&#8217;s how we know and then in 18 As Time came out when the Europeans came a lot of changes and uh his word will start to see Fort ly treaties treaties that was sign government the tribes then we see the territories designating uh each tribe the headman or the chief as they had come together they would State their Aboriginal territory or where their ter territory was one of the earliest Chiefs a Kula Chief sits in the middle land said where my four poles sit is were my home today the present area of the Three Forks area to The Milk River and then down here uh Wyoming and then uh on this side of Wyoming back into ystone is what he as where the crow territory that time and then from there from the 1851 Treaty to 1868 on up um each treaty that was signed every time you know the the government would take away land here there so at one time the crow Aboriginal territory was about 33 million acres to what I had mentioned earlier to today 2.2 million Acres the Cronan reservation and uh you know we&#8217;re we&#8217;re fortunate you know the crow today that we still take our Aboriginal territory we&#8217;re fortunate that you know a lot of people think that just because the crow scouted for the government for lieutenant colonel George arms Custer that is why we are given this land no that was not the case as I mentioned Aboriginal territory again uh couple years ago one of my programs this guy uh who was European you know walked up to me and you know he was he was pretty ticked off you know he said uh you mentioned your you&#8217;re Crow and I said yes sir I&#8217;m I&#8217;m Crow goes well he said you know I believe the Sue and shyen should be the ones living here said they&#8217;re the ones that were here they fought for this land they should be put here on this land this should be their land not you not the crow and I want to know why why are you crows here is it because you scouted for Custer and I kind of look back and then people were starting to gather around me and pointing a finger and I me I said okay wait a minute I said let me tell you how we got this land I said in the for ly treaty you know all the tribes of the planes were gathered each headsman Chief was told to come forward so the government going down a line issuing land to the tribes first tell the shonis you live down here in Wyoming the rap hole the you can live in South Dakota area and Cheyenne&#8217;s down here black Peet and Seno is up here top Montana going down Nest per is over here in Western Montana and going around and finally it came to the crow said but this land here said this land here is very handsome it&#8217;s very beautiful and we&#8217;re going to give it to the one of the the most handsomest tribes the Plains and that&#8217;s a crow the guy kind of laughed and I went back in uh the late or late 1700s about 1800s one of the first explorers that came to the PLS in their first Contact the tribes were the crow and in their journals they wrote the most handsomest tribes that were Came Upon men were the men of the Crow tribe or the crow Crow people people and I I kind of threw threw that on him so again you know the crow uh here at the time of the battle the crow Aboriginal territory in 1876 the Army would start to use tribes as Scouts also for the tribes at that time when with the for ly treaties you know designate or uh put on the agencies some of them could no longer hunt or some of them couldn&#8217;t even weren&#8217;t allowed to carry firearms anymore a lot of things had changed the impact of the Europeans with Fort L treaties so in order to to maintain their their warriorship uh in 1868 in one of the treaties uh the treaty Pro uh prohibited to take arms against their enemies uh so that means that they could not carry the forarms meaning that they could no longer go out and raid you know capture horses and uh capture weapons from the enemies which gave them the warriorship you know meaning that they to gain status to be Warrior ship and uh they couldn&#8217;t do that so in order for them to to maintain that warriorship that you know status this is when the Army uh uh in uh 18 uh in 1866 the Army uh reorganization act said that Indian Scouts were enlisted men who while they were not solders were nevertheless declared by the Attorney General of the United States to be part and partial of army the service of Indians was provided for by the act of Congress approv approved June 22nd 1866 the language law of the law as it appears in section 1112 of the revised status 1873 being as as follows now this is what the tribes you know in order to maintain that warriorship where they no longer could go out you know their enemies so they join an army to maintain this warriorship and this uh act uh continues the president is authorized to enlist a force of Indians not exceeding 1,000 who shall act as Scouts in territories in Indian Country they shall be discharged when the necessity for their service shall cease or at the discretion of the department Commander it was further provided by the law that Indian Scouts so enlisted or employed by the president were entitled to to receive the same pay and allowance as Calvary soldiers which at that time and for many years thereafter these soldiers or the Indians serve as Scouts were paid $13 a month the same as the enlisted soldiers on this campaign in 1876 you know the C who uh were being pushed back towards West back further in their Aboriginal territory as I mentioned earlier you know the Sue would come in the shyen uh the rapos so at that time the South the East area the East territory of the cro uh Crow territory was literally occupied by the Sue at that time the crows would face crisis you know so this was a time for them to join the Army because they knew that the Army the United States Army was here to remove their traditional enemy puru out of the territories and take them back so that was an opportunity for them to join with the Army also the the Ross they too uh General alred cherry out of Fort Abraham Lincoln in his campaign he had acquired arikara Scouts the same as the ricra like the crow when the Sue came in they literally robbed the araras of their food capturing or you know uh stealing children and you know women so they they too that was an opportunity for them you know to join as Scouts cuz like M Crow they knew the government Army was here to remove their enemy so this campaign that was lach you know we see the crow um Fort Ellis present day uh Boseman Montana at that time the crow uh in the area of uh what we now call the Mission Creek uh this was where the first agency was and uh from there the Detachment of uh Scouts under Lieutenant James Bradley uh will be his the detachments of Indian Scouts total in about uh 50 in numbers as they headed down the Yellowstone later the majority of them will head with or ride down towards the mountains to join up with General crook uh one week before the Battle of Rose but or the battle Little Bighorn the battle Rose but um this 6 hour hour battle that was fought there present day uh outside Shon Wyoming the crows did fought in that battle here the Detachment of or the uh commanding officer uh General Cher uh John given and general Cherry will meet present day rosett Montana and this is where they&#8217;ll send Custer down the rosett with 12 companies of the seventh Calvary and in that command we&#8217;ll see six Crow Scouts and these Crow Scouts are uh curly white man runs him White Swan Harry mcon um half yellow face uh these will be the scouts attached to the seventh Calvary now as they March down the rose but early morning they arrived behind what we all call the wolf mountains uh about 4: 4: 5 a.m. now these Scouts will serve as uh these were the eyes and the ears of the command and the crow you know they they knew this area uh traveling at night you know they knew what area they knew what what was out there um in the records of uh this campaign the events uh later uh in the record of events said that these Scouts performed a duty in the field of Colonel gibbons&#8217;s wing of the Yellowstone Expedition until June 21st when uh Colonel Lieutenant Colonel kuster&#8217;s command arriving oppos it camp near mouth of the Rose but six of the scouts were detached to the company to his command they participated in the attack upon the Sue Village in the Valley of the Little Big Horn on June 25th five being with major Reno and one with kusser when one was wounded four had headed out from the field the one remained with major Reno these four four scouts or five Scouts would be with attached to Major Marcus Reno and uh except for one crow Scout Curley uh who at the time of the battle um by the way Curley uh the time of the battle was uh 17 years old uh he was the youngest of the crow Scouts um the other five would remain with Reno&#8217;s command C would ask uh C&#8217;s command if he stay with his command and permission granted and there um they&#8217;ll head up towards what we know call weird point today the highest point that uh you see up there from there into the medicine tail medicine tail and from there is where curlyy said later on the anniversary who was out here said this is where I last saw cusser and curly was considered as uh one of the survivors or the only survivor of the battle A Little Big Horn uh curle was told that uh this is not your fight you must leave who was told by uh the chief Scout Mitch Mitch Boer um I mentioned earlier or I read earlier that uh where it says they participated in the attack upon the Sue Village actually they didn&#8217;t participate it you know they were released once the village was was located um two of them will be heading out towards the other side of the bluff uh where there was a large horse herd uh the other four would remain up on top of bluff so these uh Scouts from uh we talk a little bit about the history of the crow to this point to uh to these four four Crow Scouts who uh served in the military with the Army status uh being recognized as soldiers being paid the same pay as a soldier which was uh $13 a month and when they were on this campaign they got an extra 40 cents per day average uh day of the campaign that time was from uh 225 or uh about uh about uh 225 days to 125 days so you know times uh 40 Cent plus of what they get paid so after this campaign later uh they they would be you know collecting you know pension or if they passed on a family the wife was likely receive that that pension um I like to read a little bit about uh the scouts they&#8217;re uh when they were born and what they&#8217;re served as Scouts uh first of all uh curly who uh ranked his rank was Private uh Indian Scout uh he was born in 1856 at the little roseb but creek near the roseb but area um who was with custers colum on June 25th possibly witnessed a fight of the Custer column and later carried the news to the streamer Far West later Curley uh would be interviewed you know after this battle he was one of the most popular uh when after this battle you know they the uh media would come out they wanted to interview somebody about this battle and of course the last Scout that was with kuster Curley so he had a lot of you know uh he had a lot of tension back then it was he was like a celebrity and uh it was stated that later some of the crow Scouts got a little jealous because of he got so much attention and uh these interviews uh later consisted of uh Lieutenant James row you know with uh Thomas leforge interpreter interviewing Curley on uh the uh curly uh passed away in uh May the 21st 1923 and uh he&#8217;s he&#8217;s buried at the Lorn Battlefield National Monument the Scout white man runs him who uh ranked private was with also Custer&#8217;s command um earlier accompanied Sir George Gore on the western hunting trip in 1856 with the Custer column then on June 25th he was here at the Battle of Little Big Horn um white man runs him was also later interviewed by uh Colonel Tom McCoy in the Grahams uh book uh Custer Smith um white man runs him passed away on June 2nd of 1929 uh is buried at uh lch grass and uh Harry marason uh private born un unknown uh served in the Army Detachment of Indian Scouts um who participated or was in the area the time of the battle and uh died passed away on October 9th 1922 uh buried at St an&#8217;s Cemetery in LG grass and goahead ranked private Indian Scout with Custer column uh who was on top of the hill um he is also uh when he passed away on May 31st 1919 uh he&#8217;s buried at the kuster battlefield National Cemetery and uh the last not least uh Scout who was also in charge of the scouts by the way uh under Mitch Boer was half yellowface now there&#8217;s a little story about half yellowface who uh was not recognized even to today where a lot of people think that he should received or be recognized half yellow face uh his rank was Private uh was in a valley and on the hilltop with major Marcus Reno uh he was in the Infantry with Lieutenant James Bradley uh when Reno reach a Hilltop uh they uh set up the second day uh water carrier um volunteers to go down the river bring up water for the wounded um in this um little little jail where um the soldiers went down under the protection of Sharpshooters on the side um filled up cantens and brought up to the top once they reach the top uh one of the soldiers a young Soldier by the name of Madden uh was shot in the hit Madden Rose down the hill by that time everybody was back up on top uh nobody didn&#8217;t want to go down there and save uh man half H face up on top he&#8217;ll drop everything without cover uh Sharpshooters or anything he&#8217;ll run down the bottom there and he&#8217;ll pick up half aace throw him on shoulder and he&#8217;ll walk up to the top uh half Hof face saves man later uh the Army DC uh the Army uh decorating these water carriers and the volunteers and the Sharpshooters Congressional Medal of honors all those soldiers were mentioned but nothing was mentioned of half yellow face a lot of people feel today that half face should be recognized for his heroic bravery at time the battle A Little Big Horn you know those mentioned uh well that you know just a little bit about the crow uh the Aboriginal territory of The Crow and how the crows came to be here um today as I mentioned you know 2.2 million acres and all the lands that were taken away you know section here here there you know we&#8217;re we&#8217;re fortunate that um that we&#8217;re still here in our territory um even though lands are taken here and there you know we see the big horn mountains the Big Horn Lake they are in the Cronan reservation uh there&#8217;s a little story about the Cronan reservation uh the cro the Big Horn Mountains and the Big Horn River you know Nam after the big horn sheep and uh we&#8217;re fortunate that those are still in the crow reservation and uh i&#8217; like to thank um all of you here visitors um I hope uh shed some light on your story about the Battle and also the curl at this time uh we have a few minutes if you have any questions um go ahead and see some answer some questions here well in C we say it means it&#8217;s good means it&#8217;s good to see you may have a good day I hope thank you very much right and thank you Marvin Daws with the National Park Service from Little Big Horn Battlefield National Monument so um we&#8217;ll give him a little round of applause for his efforts today thank you for coming out we appreciate it all right all Next program will begin in about 20 minutes we will have Wales bull tale and he will be speaking on the crow way of life so feel free to come again for e e</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org/tent-voices/tent-of-many-voices-07180602/">Marvin Dawes on the Battle of Little Bighorn and Crow Nation History</a> appeared first on <a href="https://lewisandclarkresearch.org">Lewis &amp; Clark Research Database</a>.</p>
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