Lewis: July 1, 1806
At Travelers' Rest, Lewis and Clark finalized plans to split the expedition. Lewis would take a small party north to explore the Marias River up to latitude 50, while Clark would head to the Yellowstone via Jefferson's River. Sergeant Ordway would descend the Missouri with canoes, and Sergeant Pryor would take horses overland to the Mandans and on to British posts. Lewis selected Drouillard, the Field brothers, Werner, Frazier, and Sergeant Gass as his companions. Hunters killed 13 deer, and a Nez Perce warrior gifted Lewis a horse. Lewis also recorded detailed observations of the prairie dog.
Tuesday July 1st 1806. This morning early we sent out all our hunters. set
Sheilds at work to repair some of our guns which were out of order Capt.
Clark & my self consurted the following plan viz. from this place I
determined to go with a small party by the most direct rout to the falls
of the Missouri, there to leave Thompson McNeal and goodrich to prepare
carriages and geer for the purpose of transporting the canoes and baggage
over the portage, and myself and six volunteers to ascend Maria’s river
with a view to explore the country and ascertain whether any branch of
that river lies as far north as Latd. 50 and again return and join the
party who are to decend the Missouri, at the entrance of Maria’s river. I
now called for the volunteers to accompany me on this rout, many turned
out, from whom I scelected Drewyer the two Feildses, Werner, Frazier and
Sergt Gass accompanied me the other part of the men are to proceed with
Capt Clark to the head of Jefferson’s river where we deposited sundry
articles and left our canoes. from hence Sergt Ordway with a party of 9
men are to decend the river with the canoes; Capt C. with the remaining
ten including Charbono and York will proceed to the Yellowstone river at
it’s nearest approach to the three forks of the missouri, here he will
build a canoe and decend the Yellowstone river with Charbono the indian
woman, his servant York and five others to the missouri where should he
arrive first he will wait my arrival. Sergt Pryor with two other men are
to proceed with the horses by land to the Mandans and thence to the
British posts on the Assinniboin with a letter to Mr. Heney whom we wish
to engage to prevail on the Sioux Chefs to join us on the Missouri, and
accompany them with us to the seat of the general government. these
arrangements being made the party were informed of our design and prepared
themselves accordingly. our hunters killed 13 deer in the course of this
day of which 7 were fine bucks, deer are large and in fine order. the
indians inform us that there are a great number of white buffaloe or
mountain sheep of the snowey hights of the mountains West of this river;
they state that they inhabit the most rocky and inaccessible parts, and
run but badly, that they kill them with great ease with their arrows when
they can find them. the indian warrior who overtook us on the 26th Ult.
made me a present of an excellent horse which he said he gave for the good
council we had given himself and nation and also to assure us of his
attatchment to the white men and his desire to be at peace with the
Minnetares of Fort de Prarie. we had our venison fleeced and exposed in
the sun on pole to dry. the dove the black woodpecker, the lark
woodpecker, the logcock, the prarie lark, sandhill crain, prarie hen with
the short and pointed tail, the robin, a speceis of brown plover, a few
curloos, small black birds, ravens hawks and a variety of sparrows as well
as the bee martin and the several speceis of Corvus genus are found in
this vally.
Windsor birst his gun near the muzzle a few days since; this Sheilds cut
off and I then exchanged it with the Cheif for the one we had given him
for conducting us over the mountains. he was much pleased with the
exchange and shot his gun several times; he shoots very well for an
inexperienced person.
The little animal found in the plains of the Missouri which I have called
the barking squirrel weighs from 3 to 31/2 pounds. it’s form is that of
the squirrel. it’s colour is an uniform light brick red grey, the red
reather predominating. the under side of the neck and bely are lighter
coloured than the other parts of the body. the legs are short, and it is
wide across the breast and sholders in propotion to it’s size, appears
strongly formed in that part; the head is also bony muscular and stout,
reather more blontly terminated wider and flatter than the common
squirrel. the upper lip is split or divided to the nose. the ears are
short and lie close to the head, having the appearance of being cut off,
in this particular they resemble the guinea pig. the teeth are like those
of the squrrel rat &c. they have a false jaw or pocket between the
skin and the mustle of the jaw like that of the common ground squrrel but
not so large in proportion to their size. they have large and full
whiskers on each side of the nose, a few long hairs of the same kind on
each jaw and over the eyes. the eye is small and black. they have five
toes on each foot of which the two outer toes on each foot are much shoter
than those in the center particularly the two inner toes of the fore feet,
the toes of the fore feet are remarkably long and sharp and seem well
adapted to cratching or burrowing those of the hind feet are neither as
long or sharp as the former; the nails are black. the hair of this animal
is about as long and equally as course as that of the common grey squrrel
of our country, and the hair of the tail is not longer than that of the
body except immediately at the extremity where it is somewhat longer and
frequently of a dark brown colour. the part of generation in the female is
placed on the lower region of the belly between the hinder legs so far
forward that she must lie on her back to copolate. the whole length of
this animal is one foot five inches from the extremity of the nose to that
of the tail of which the tail occupyes 4 inches. it is nearly double the
size of the whistleing squirrel of the Columbia. it is much more quick
active and fleet than it’s form would indicate. these squirrels burrow in
the ground in the open plains usually at a considerable distance from the
water yet are never seen at any distance from their burrows. six or eight
usually reside in one burrow to which there is never more than one
entrance. these burrows are of great debth. I once dug and pursued a
burrow to the debth of ten feet and did not reach it’s greatest debth.
they generally associate in large societies placing their burrows near
each other and frequently occupy in this manner several hundred acres of
land. when at rest above ground their position is generally erect on their
hinder feet and rump; thus they will generally set and bark at you as you
approach them, their note being much that of the little toy dogs, their
yelps are in quick succession and at each they a motion to their tails
upwards. they feed on the grass and weeds within the limits of their
village which they never appear to exceed on any occasion. as they are
usually numerous they keep the grass and weeds within their district very
closely graized and as clean as if it had been swept. the earth which they
throw out of their burrows is usually formed into a conic mound around the
entrance. this little animal is frequently very fat and it’s flesh is not
unpleasant. as soon as the hard frosts commence it shuts up it’s burrow
and continues within untill spring. it will eat grain or meat.
Read this entry in modern English AI-translated
Tuesday, July 1st, 1806. Early this morning we sent out all our hunters. We set Sheilds (Shields) to work repairing some of our guns that were out of order. Capt. Clark and I agreed on the following plan: from this place I decided to go with a small party by the most direct route to the falls of the Missouri, where I would leave Thompson, McNeal, and Goodrich to prepare carriages and gear for transporting the canoes and baggage over the portage. I myself, with six volunteers, would then ascend Maria's river to explore the country and find out whether any branch of that river lies as far north as latitude 50, and then return and rejoin the party who are to descend the Missouri at the entrance of Maria's river. I called for volunteers to accompany me on this route. Many turned out, and from them I selected Drewyer, the two Feildses (Fieldses), Werner, Frazier, and Sergt. Gass to go with me. The other men are to proceed with Capt. Clark to the head of Jefferson's river, where we had deposited sundry articles and left our canoes. From there, Sergt. Ordway with a party of 9 men is to descend the river with the canoes. Capt. C. with the remaining ten, including Charbono (Charbonneau) and York, will proceed to the Yellowstone river at its nearest approach to the three forks of the Missouri. There he will build a canoe and descend the Yellowstone river with Charbono, the Indian woman, his servant York, and five others to the Missouri, where, should he arrive first, he will wait for me. Sergt. Pryor with two other men is to proceed with the horses by land to the Mandans and from there to the British posts on the Assinniboin (Assiniboine) with a letter to Mr. Heney, whom we wish to engage to persuade the Sioux chiefs to join us on the Missouri and accompany us to the seat of the general government. With these arrangements made, the party was informed of our design and prepared themselves accordingly. Our hunters killed 13 deer in the course of the day, of which 7 were fine bucks. The deer are large and in fine condition. The Indians inform us that there are a great number of white buffalo, or mountain sheep, on the snowy heights of the mountains west of this river. They say the sheep inhabit the most rocky and inaccessible parts and run only poorly, so they kill them with great ease using arrows whenever they can find them. The Indian warrior who overtook us on the 26th of last month gave me an excellent horse as a present. He said he gave it for the good counsel we had given to him and his nation, and also to assure us of his attachment to the white men and his desire to be at peace with the Minnetares of Fort de Prarie (Fort de Prairie). We had our venison fleeced and laid out in the sun on poles to dry. The dove, the black woodpecker, the lark woodpecker, the logcock, the prairie lark, sandhill crane, prairie hen with the short and pointed tail, the robin, a species of brown plover, a few curlews, small blackbirds, ravens, hawks, and a variety of sparrows, as well as the bee martin and the several species of the Corvus genus, are found in this valley.
Windsor burst his gun near the muzzle a few days ago. Sheilds (Shields) cut it off, and I then exchanged it with the Chief for the one we had given him for guiding us over the mountains. He was much pleased with the exchange and shot his gun several times. He shoots very well for an inexperienced person.
The little animal found in the plains of the Missouri, which I have called the barking squirrel, weighs from 3 to 3 1/2 pounds. Its form is that of a squirrel. Its color is a uniform light brick red-grey, with the red rather predominating. The underside of the neck and belly are lighter colored than the rest of the body. The legs are short, and it is wide across the breast and shoulders in proportion to its size, appearing strongly formed in that part. The head is also bony, muscular, and stout, more bluntly terminated, wider, and flatter than that of the common squirrel. The upper lip is split or divided to the nose. The ears are short and lie close to the head, giving the appearance of being cut off; in this they resemble the guinea pig. The teeth are like those of the squirrel, rat, etc. They have a false jaw or pocket between the skin and the muscle of the jaw, like that of the common ground squirrel, but not as large in proportion to their size. They have large and full whiskers on each side of the nose, a few long hairs of the same kind on each jaw, and over the eyes. The eye is small and black. They have five toes on each foot, of which the two outer toes on each foot are much shorter than those in the center, particularly the two inner toes of the forefeet. The toes of the forefeet are remarkably long and sharp and seem well adapted to scratching or burrowing. Those of the hind feet are neither as long nor as sharp as the former. The nails are black. The hair of this animal is about as long and equally as coarse as that of the common grey squirrel of our country, and the hair of the tail is no longer than that of the body, except right at the tip where it is somewhat longer and often of a dark brown color. The part of generation in the female is placed on the lower belly between the hind legs, so far forward that she must lie on her back to copulate. The whole length of this animal is one foot five inches from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail, of which the tail takes up 4 inches. It is nearly double the size of the whistling squirrel of the Columbia. It is much more quick, active, and fleet than its form would suggest. These squirrels burrow in the ground in the open plains, usually at a considerable distance from water, yet are never seen far from their burrows. Six or eight usually live in one burrow, to which there is never more than one entrance. These burrows are of great depth. I once dug along a burrow to the depth of ten feet and did not reach its greatest depth. They generally live in large societies, placing their burrows near each other, and often occupying several hundred acres of land in this manner. When at rest above ground, their position is generally upright on their hind feet and rump; in this way they will sit and bark at you as you approach them, their note being much like that of little toy dogs. Their yelps come in quick succession, and at each one they make a motion with their tails upward. They feed on the grass and weeds within the limits of their village, which they never seem to leave on any occasion. Since they are usually numerous, they keep the grass and weeds within their district very closely grazed and as clean as if it had been swept. The earth they throw out of their burrows is usually formed into a conical mound around the entrance. This little animal is frequently very fat, and its flesh is not unpleasant. As soon as the hard frosts begin, it shuts up its burrow and stays inside until spring. It will eat grain or meat.
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