1801–1804
Planning & Preparation
Thomas Jefferson asked Congress to fund the expedition in January 1803. Meriwether Lewis studied in Lancaster and Philadelphia, gathered supplies, invited William Clark to share the command, and brought a new keelboat down the Ohio from Pittsburgh. Through the winter of 1803 to 1804, Clark trained the men at Camp River Dubois in Illinois while Lewis worked in St. Louis.
Pictured: Camp River Dubois, Illinois today, one of the places written about most in this phase.
23
Journal entries
23
Dated days
2
Narrators
3
Analyses
15
Heacock memorial articles
Profiles
3 in this phase3 profiles of the people and nations in this phase, each drawn from the cited journal entries. No two journalists in this collection wrote on the same day in this phase, so there are no same-day comparisons. All analyses
Narrator
Patrick Gass: The Carpenter’s Ledger
Patrick Gass writes like a man balancing a ledger at the end of a long day. His entries are short, declarative, and structured around…
Figure
Seaman: Lewis’s Newfoundland and the Fourth Member of the Corps
In August 1803, while waiting for the keelboat to be completed at Pittsburgh, Meriwether Lewis acquired a large Newfoundland dog for twenty dollars—a substantial…
Nation
The Shawnee Nation in the Lewis & Clark Record
The Corps did not travel through Shawnee towns on the Missouri. The journals still name the Shawnee twice, and both mentions are worth keeping…
Most Mentioned in This Phase
Counted from the names in this phase’s journal entriesMost mentioned people
- Lewis (21)
- Clark (4)
- Thomas Rodney (2)
- William Patterson (2)
- Blaze Cenas (1)
- Spanish lieutenant governor (1)
- Guy Bryan (1)
- Claiborne (1)
- Caldwell (1)
- Jefferson (1)
Most mentioned places
- Ohio River (5)
- Wheeling (5)
- St. Louis (4)
- Missouri River (4)
- Pittsburgh (3)
- Camp Dubois (3)
- Long Reach (2)
- Charlestown (2)
- Mississippi River (2)
- Georgetown (2)
Heacock Memorial Archive
15 articles in this date range
Nashville Boats
Meriwether Lewis writes to President Thomas Jefferson explaining a delay at Harpers Ferry Armory due to the design and construction of the iron-framed boat. He also discusses plans to hire interpreter John Conner and a boat builder in Nashville. He…
Leaky Pirogue
As they leave Pennsylvania along the Ohio River, the pirogue springs a serious leak, so they must stop to repair it. Lewis buys a canoe, but it too leaks. Camp is near Newell in present West Virginia.
Steubenville
Lewis employs horses, sails, and oxen to pass over several gravel bars. He tries sailing, but in the high wind, the sprit sail breaks. They pass Steubenville, Ohio but only make ten miles for the day.
Marietta
At sunrise, the boats move down the Ohio River. They lift the barge over a few riffles and see a flock of passenger pigeons. Anchored opposite Marietta, Ohio, Lewis writes a letter to President Jefferson.
Rainy Day
Lewis and his crew head down the Ohio passing present Little Kanawha and Little Hocking rivers. The barge must be lifted over a gravel bar, and they stop for the day near Blennerhassett Island.
Buffington Island
After delaying for fog, Lewis pushes his crew until nearly dark. They pass an area with trees marked by both Indians and settlers. At camp near present Ravenswood, West Virginia, the crew is exhausted.
Lewis Passes Letart’s Falls
The expedition heads out down the Ohio before sunrise. They safely pass a rapid near the present community of Letart Falls, and Lewis writes his last journal entry until 11 November 1803.
Five Hundred Miles
Cincinnati, October 3rd 1803. Dear Sir [Thomas Jefferson], I reached this place on the 28th Ult; it being necessary to take in…
Leaving Fort Massac
The expedition leaves Fort Massac moving about three miles down the Ohio, and Lewis is “siezed with a violent ague”. The Indiana Territorial Governor pens a letter introducing John Hay of Cahokia.
Stormy Day
The day is stormy at the mouth of the Ohio. Strong winds swamp the smaller boats, which fortunately had been emptied of their cargo. The captains compare the sizes of the Mississippi and Ohio riverbanks.
Clark’s Survey
On the expedition’s final day encamped at the mouth of the Ohio, Clark completes his survey of that river’s confluence with the Mississippi, and Lewis makes celestial observations.
Lost Hunter
N. Pryor, the man who was hunting yesterday has not yet arrived, had several guns fired again and the [sounding] horn wlown…
Pryor Found
Moving ten miles up the Mississippi, a missing hunter—Sgt. Pryor—is found, and Lewis observes the limestone lining the shores and hills of present Trail of Tears (Missouri) State Park.
Large Shawnee Village
As the expedition’s flotilla of boats approach the Grand Tower of the Mississippi, Lewis learns of the ritual held the first time a boatman passes it. He also describes coal mines and the Apple River Shawnees living in that area.
Meeting Hay and Jarrot
Lewis travels by land and Clark by river to arrive at Cahokia, Illinois. Lewis meets John Hay and Nicholas Jarrot who help him negotiate with the Spanish Lt. governor of Upper Louisiana.
23
Journal Entries
4
Key Figures
4
Wildlife & Plants
1
Artwork
7
Weapons & Equipment
17
Treaties
9
Documents
3
Allied Sites
16
Research Articles
Explore the Trail
See the 360° panoramic trail covering more than 4,400 miles of the Lewis & Clark route
Journal Entries
23 items
360° capture 3.0 mi away Meriwether Lewis: August 30, 1803
August 30th 1803. Left Pittsburgh this day at 11 oclock with a party of 11 hands 7 of which are soldiers, a pilot and three young men on…
Meriwether Lewis: September 1, 1803
September 1st The Pilott informed me that we were not far from a ripple which was much worse than any we had yet passed, and as there was…
Meriwether Lewis: September 2, 1803
Septr 2ed Set out at sunrise 2 miles to a riffle got out and pulled the boat over it with some difficulty— 9 Oclock reched Logtown riffle unloaded…
Meriwether Lewis: September 3, 1803
Sept. 3rd Very foggy this morning. Thermometer 63° Ferrenheit, immersed the Thermometer in the river, and the murcury arose immediately to 75° or summer heat so that there is 12°…
Meriwether Lewis: September 4, 1803
Sept. 4th 1803. Morning foggy, obliged to wait. Thermometer at 63° temperature of the river-water 73° being a difference of ten degrees, but yesterday there was a difference of twelve…
Meriwether Lewis: September 5, 1803
September 5th Again foggy, loaded both my canoes and waited till the fogg disappeared set out at 8 OCl. had some difficulty in passing several riffles today but…
360° capture 1.2 mi away Meriwether Lewis: September 6, 1803
September 6th 1803. The fogg was as thick as usual this morning detained us untill ½ past 7. O’C. when we set out — observed the Thermometer in…
Meriwether Lewis: September 7, 1803
September the 7th Foggy this morning according to custom; set out at half past seven, and in about two hundred paces stuck on a riffle all hands obliged to get…
Meriwether Lewis: September 8, 1803
8th this day wrote to the President, purchased a perogue and hired a man to work her, my men were much fatiegued and I concluded it would be better to…
Meriwether Lewis: September 9, 1803
9th Sept The Dr could not get ready I waited untill thre[e] this evening and then set out had some difficulty in geting over a riffle one mile below the…
Meriwether Lewis: September 11, 1803
I made my dog take as many each day as I had occation for, they wer[e] fat and I thought them when fryed a pleasent food — many…
Meriwether Lewis: September 12, 1803
12th Septr set out at sunrise it began to rain and continued with some intervals untill three in the evening passed several bad riffles and one particularly at…
Meriwether Lewis: September 13, 1803
13th This morning being clare we persued our journey at sunrise and after passing a few riffles over which we had to lift the boat we arrived at…
Meriwether Lewis: September 14, 1803
14th September. Set out this morning at 11 O Clock was prevented seting out earlyer in consequence of two of my men geting drunk and absenting themselves. I…
Meriwether Lewis: September 16, 1803
16th September: Thermometer this morning in the air 54° in the water 72° a thick fogg which continued so thick that we did not set out untill 8…
Meriwether Lewis: September 17, 1803
September 17th The morning was foggy but b[e]ing informed by my pilot that we had good water for several miles I ventured to set out before the fog…
Meriwether Lewis: September 18, 1803
18th September The morning was clear and having had every thing in readiness the over night we set out before sunrise and at nine in the morning passed…
Meriwether Lewis: November 11, 1803
11th November— Arived at Massac engaged George Drewyer in the public service as an Indian Interpretter, contracted to pay him 25 Dollars pr month for his services. Mr…
Meriwether Lewis: November 16, 1803
Novr 16th Passed the Miss[iss]ippi this day and went down on the other side after landing at the upper habitation on the opposite side, we found here som[e]…
Nearest 360 · 7.0 mi Satellite · Esri Meriwether Lewis: November 21, 1803
21st Nov. 22nd 1803. Set out at ½ past 6 A. M. the current very rapid and difficult. the iner part of every bend of this river where…
Meriwether Lewis: December 12, 1803
I came to in the Mouth of a little River Called Wood River, about 2 oClock and imediately after I had landed the NW wind which had been…
360° capture 1.4 mi away William Clark: April 1, 1804
Camp River Dubois april 1st. 1804 The Commanding officers did yesterday proceed to take the necessary inlistments, and select the Detachment destined for the Expedition through the interior…
360° capture 1.4 mi away William Clark: May 13, 1804
River a Dubois opposet the mouth of the Missourie River Sunday May the 13th 1804. I despatched an express this morning to Capt. Lewis at St. Louis, all…
Key Figures
4 items
Andrew Ellicott
A noted surveyor who taught Lewis celestial navigation, map making, and computing latitude and longitude. He had previously surveyed the boundaries of the District of Columbia.
Caspar Wistar
Physician and professor of anatomy who trained Lewis in identifying fossils and anatomical specimens. Jefferson hoped the expedition might discover living mastodons. The wisteria plant was later named in his honor.
George Drouillard
Son of a French-Canadian father and Shawnee mother, Drouillard was the expedition's premier hunter and sign language interpreter. He was the highest paid member after the captains, and the only man Clark referred to by first name in the journals. Killed by Blackfeet warriors while trapping near Three Forks, Montana in 1810.
Seaman
A large Newfoundland dog purchased by Lewis in Pittsburgh for $20. Seaman accompanied the expedition for its entire duration, serving as a hunter, guard against grizzly bears and buffalo, and valued companion. The only animal to complete the entire trip.
Wildlife & Plants
4 items
Blue Catfish
Lewis and Clark observed blue catfish in mid-November 1803, at the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, before the main expedition departed. They later encountered the species in the lower Missouri River. The blue...
Fox Squirrel
Seaman the Newfoundland caught squirrels swimming across the Ohio River in a mass migration - one of the first notable wildlife encounters of the expedition.
Osage Orange
Lewis encountered the osage orange in March 1804 in St. Louis, before the expedition officially departed. He obtained young plants from the Osage Nation and described how Native peoples traveled hundreds of miles to obtain...
Trumpeter Swan
Lewis and Clark observed trumpeter swans at multiple points during the expedition. Large flocks were first noted in marshes near their winter camp at Wood River, Illinois, on February 15, 1804, before the main expedition...
Weapons & Equipment
7 items
1792 Contract Rifle (Expedition Primary Rifle)
The primary long arm of the Corps of Discovery was not, as long believed, the Model 1803 Harpers Ferry Rifle, but rather the 1792 Contract Rifle — a Pennsylvania-style, single-shot,…
Bullet Molds
Fifteen pairs of bullet molds were obtained at Harpers Ferry Arsenal, one for each rifleman. These were scissor-type iron molds that clamped together to form a spherical cavity. Molten lead…
Girandoni Air Rifle
The Girandoni air rifle was arguably the most significant weapon of the entire expedition, serving more as a diplomatic instrument than a weapon of war. Designed by Italian-Tyrolean watchmaker and…
Indian Peace Medal (Jefferson)
The Indian peace medals carried by Lewis and Clark were among the most important diplomatic tools of the expedition, second only to the air rifle in their impact on Native…
Officers' Swords
Both Lewis and Clark carried swords as commissioned officers, though the exact pattern each carried is unknown. The 1787 U.S. regulations called for iron or steel mounted sabers of 36…
Pocket Pistols with Secret Triggers
On May 21, 1803, Lewis purchased a pair of pocket pistols from Robert Barnhill’s gun shop at 63 North Second Street in Philadelphia for $10. The surviving receipt reads: “Bot.…
Scalping Knife / Hunting Knife
Every member of the Corps of Discovery carried a large knife that served as an all-purpose tool for butchering game, preparing food, cutting wood, making repairs, and self-defense. These “scalping…
Treaties
17 itemsOrdinance of the Continental Congress for the Christian Indians, 1788
Land cession by the Christian Indians. Region: Ohio. Counties: Tuscarawas. Associated dates: 1788-09-03, 1823-03-03.
Treaty of Greenville, 1795
Treaty Provisions Harbors and Rivers Article III — “And the said Indian tribes will allow to the people of the United States a free passage by land and by water,…
Treaty of Greenville, 1795 (Wyandot, etc.)
Treaty Provisions Harbors and Rivers Article III — “And the said Indian tribes will allow to the people of the United States a free passage by land and by water,…
Treaty with the Cherokee Nation, 1791
Treaty Provisions Hunting, Fishing, Gathering Article IX — “No citizen or inhabitant of the United States, shall attempt to hunt or destroy the game on the lands of the Cherokees”…
Treaty with the Cherokee Nation, 1798
Treaty Provisions Hunting, Fishing, Gathering Article 7 — “the Cherokee hunters shall be at liberty to hunt and take game upon the lands relinquished and ceded by this treaty.” —…
Treaty with the Cherokee, 1785
Land cession by the Cherokee. Region: Tennessee and Bordering States. Covering 30 counties across KY, NC, TN. Present-Day Tribes Cherokee Nation, Oklahoma Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians of North Carolina…
Treaty with the Chippewa et al., 1795
Land cession by the Chippewa, Delaware, Eel River, Kaskaskia, Kickapoo, Miami, Ottawa, Piankishaw, Potawatomi, Shawnee, Wea, Wyandot. Region: Ohio, Indiana. Covering 67 counties across IN, OH. Treaty Provisions Harbors and…
Treaty with the Creeks, 1790 (Treaty of New York)
Treaty Provisions Hunting, Fishing, Gathering Article VII — “No citizen or inhabitant of the United States shall attempt to hunt or destroy the game on the Creek lands” — (Creek…
Treaty with the Kaskaskia, 1803
Land cession by the Kaskaskia. Region: Illinois 1. Covering 54 counties across IL. Associated dates: 1803-08-13, 1804-08-27, 1818-09-25. Present-Day Tribes Miami Tribe of Oklahoma Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma…
Treaty with the Seneca, 1802 (Albany; Niagara mile-strip cession)
Treaty Provisions Hunting, Fishing, Gathering “… the right and privilege of encamping their fishing parties on the beach of said river for the purpose of fishing, which is the common…
Treaty with the Six Nations, 1784
Land cession by the Six Nations. Region: Pennsylvania. Covering 23 counties across PA. Present-Day Tribes Cayuga Nation, New York Oneida Nation of New York Oneida Nation, Wisconsin Onondaga Nation, New…
Treaty with the Six Nations, 1794 (Canandaigua): Cayuga
Treaty Provisions Harbors and Rivers Article V — “And the Six Nations, and each of them, will forever allow to the people of the United States, a free passage through…
Treaty with the Six Nations, 1794 (Canandaigua): Oneida
Treaty Provisions Harbors and Rivers Article V — “And the Six Nations, and each of them, will forever allow to the people of the United States, a free passage through…
Treaty with the Six Nations, 1794 (Canandaigua): Onondaga
Treaty Provisions Harbors and Rivers Article V — “And the Six Nations, and each of them, will forever allow to the people of the United States, a free passage through…
Treaty with the Six Nations, 1794 (Canandaigua): Seneca
Treaty Provisions Harbors and Rivers Article V — “And the Six Nations, and each of them, will forever allow to the people of the United States, a free passage through…
Treaty with the Six Nations, 1794 (Canandaigua): Tuscarora
Treaty Provisions Harbors and Rivers Article V — “And the Six Nations, and each of them, will forever allow to the people of the United States, a free passage through…
Treaty with the Wyandot, etc., 1789 (Fort Harmar)
Treaty Provisions Hunting, Fishing, Gathering Article IV — “It is agreed between the said United States and the said nations, that the individuals of said nations shall be at liberty…
Documents
9 itemsBenjamin Rush's Questions for Lewis
Rush prepared detailed questions covering Native American medical practices, physical characteristics, diet, diseases, morals, and religion. He also provided Lewis with a list of health rules for the expedition members…
Court Martial Proceedings of the Expedition
Military discipline was essential to the expedition’s survival, and Lewis and Clark maintained a formal court martial system throughout the journey. Private Moses Reed was found guilty of desertion in…
Jefferson's Confidential Message to Congress
This confidential message to Congress initiated the legislative authorization for what would become the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Jefferson requested an appropriation of $2,500 — a deliberate underestimate of the…
Jefferson's Instructions to Meriwether Lewis
Jefferson’s instructions represent the most important planning document of the expedition. He directed Lewis to observe and record: the names, numbers, and territories of Native nations; their languages, traditions, and…
Lewis's Astronomical Observations and Calculations
Lewis was trained in celestial navigation by Andrew Ellicott and Robert Patterson before the expedition. Using a sextant, chronometer, and artificial horizon, he recorded observations of the sun, moon, and…
Lewis's Letter to William Clark Inviting Him to Co-Command
Writing from Washington, Lewis described the expedition’s objectives and invited Clark to share command: “If therefore there is anything… which would induce you to participate with me in its fatigues,…
Lewis's Requisition of Supplies from the U.S. Arsenal
The supply lists included 15 Model 1803 rifles from Harper’s Ferry, powder canisters, lead, flints, knives, tomahawks, and the expedition’s famous iron-framed boat. Lewis also procured scientific instruments including a…
Louisiana Purchase Treaty
The Louisiana Purchase transferred approximately 828,000 square miles of territory from France to the United States, encompassing all or part of 15 future states. The treaty was signed in Paris…
The Journals of Lewis and Clark
Lewis and Clark each maintained separate journals, though Lewis’s entries are notably absent for long periods (leading to enduring speculation about what he was doing during these gaps). Clark was…
Allied Sites
3 items
Nearest 360 · 254 mi Satellite · Esri Academy of Natural Sciences — Lewis & Clark Herbarium
Holds the largest collection of Lewis and Clark botanical specimens, located in the city where Lewis trained for the expedition.
360° capture 2.0 mi away Lewis and Clark State Historic Site
Site of Camp Dubois where the expedition began. The 14,000 square foot interpretive center features six galleries outlining the history and background of the Lewis and Clark expedition.
Nearest 360 · 150 mi Satellite · Esri Patrick Gass Birth Site
Birthplace of Sergeant Patrick Gass, Lewis and Clark Expedition member and first to publish an account of the journey.
Research Articles
16 items Andrew Ellicott: America's Premier Surveyor
The early republic's premier surveyor — and the man who taught Meriwether Lewis celestial navigation in the spring of 1803.
Difficulties Made Easy: A History of Travel Routes Between Baltimore and Cumberland
The turnpikes between Baltimore and Cumberland — the eastern road network behind the drive to bind the new nation's West to its seaboard.
Down the Ohio: The Expedition's Forgotten First Leg
Pittsburgh to the Mississippi, August-November 1803: what the surviving journal records, what letters document, and what rests on tradition - with Terrain360's 360-degree imagery of the Ohio River towns today.
Fort Kaskaskia
Lewis and Clark recruited 11 men from the garrison at Ft. Kaskaskia, which resides in Randolph County, Illinois. According to the Illinois State Museum, archeologists at the Southern Illinois University recently uncovered previously unknown remains of the American Fort Kaskaskia, which is...
French Opinion of American Society in Early 19th Century
The French have been one of America’s strongest allies since the days of the Revolutionary War. Considering the French population in America was quite large by the early 19th century when Lewis and Clark were starting their expedition, it’s only natural that the French — Canadian settlers and...
French Opinion of the American Economy in Early 19th Century
By the early 18th century, the economic relationship between the United States and France, was close enough that France sold the US 530 million acres of land through the Louisiana Purchase. That was one of the reasons that Lewis and Clark were sent West — to explore all the new land purchased from...
Jefferson's Instructions to Meriwether Lewis
A detailed analysis of President Thomas Jefferson's famous letter of instructions to Meriwether Lewis, examining the political, scientific, and commercial objectives of the expedition.
Meriwether Lewis' Formative Years: Learning Experiences in Georgia
An examination of Meriwether Lewis' early years through family letters preserved at the Missouri Historical Society, revealing that young Lewis only visited Georgia rather than residing there, and documenting the educational foundation that shaped the future explorer.
Open a Wide Door, Make a Smooth Way: The Historic National Road
The first federally funded highway — and the East-West corridor Jefferson championed in the same years he launched the expedition.
Pittsburgh to Wheeling, 1803: Lewis’s First Ten Days on the Ohio
August 31 to September 9, 1803: Lewis’s descent of the upper Ohio, riffle by riffle, from his own journal, with the places, the people he met, and what the record leaves open.
Planning a Transcontinental Journey
A neglected June 6, 1803 letter — missing from Jackson's Letters — reveals Lewis the meticulous quartermaster outfitting the expedition.
Preparing for the Expedition: Lewis's Philadelphia Education
An account of Meriwether Lewis's intensive scientific education in Philadelphia before the expedition, where he studied botany, zoology, astronomy, and medicine with leading American scientists.
Prologue to Lewis and Clark: The Mackay and Evans Expedition
An examination of the 1795-1797 Mackay-Evans expedition up the Missouri River, whose maps and intelligence were essential to Lewis and Clark's planning.
Ste. Genevieve: A French Colonial Town on the Lewis and Clark Trail
Ste. Genevieve was named for the patron saint of Paris, who lived during the 5th century AD. Interestingly, in the 17th and 18th centuries, around the time that explorers were settling the area, Sainte Genevieve figured largely in the minds of the French. Houck (1908) noted that all the French...
The Court-Martial of Ensign Meriwether Lewis
An examination of the little-known 1795 court-martial of the young Meriwether Lewis during his early military career, providing context for understanding his temperament and character.
The Experiment on the Missouri: The Keelboat and Lewis and Clark
A detailed study of the keelboat used by the Lewis and Clark Expedition on the Missouri River, examining its design, construction, and critical role in transporting the expedition's supplies.
